Annotated Bibliography On The Midwifery - 1521 Words

Midwifery in rural Ghana Across the enormous continent of Africa, there are a myriad of birth practices, customs, and traditions. From spiritual ceremonies, consumption of certain fruits, blessing ways to having supportive birthing assistants are some of the very common and important customs from African countries, especially Ghana. One of the oldest and most widely recognized customs is midwifery. Midwifery is the act of assisting women and their families before, during, and after childbirth. Moreover, some midwives also perform abortions and aid in post abortion care (Otsea et al., 1997). Midwifery includes aiding expectant mothers in labor, food preparation for their families while the mother is recovering from labor, breastfeeding, emotional support for new parents, postpartum care and child care. Midwives are also called traditional birth assistants or TBAs (Nicholas et al., 1976). Midwifery has been practiced for hundreds of years in Africa, especially Ghana. As a result of moderate technology improvements and medical advancements, midwifery is not commonly practiced in more developed countries in Africa. Everyone in Ghana do not engage in midwifery. However, in communal and small villages in rural parts of Ghana midwifery is a well known and revered custom. In most northern rural areas of Ghana, midwifery is preferred over modern birth practices. In the rural parts of Ghana, midwives are loved and admired in their villages. Midwives are seen as the experts onShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On The Midwifery1521 Words   |  7 PagesMi dwifery in rural Ghana Across the enormous continent of Africa, there are a myriad of birth practices, customs, and traditions. From spiritual ceremonies, consumption of certain fruits, blessing ways to having supportive birthing assistants are some of the very common and important customs from African countries, especially Ghana. One of the oldest and most widely recognized customs is midwifery. Midwifery is the act of assisting women and their families before, during, and after childbirth. MoreoverRead MoreThe Continuity Of Midwifery Care1490 Words   |  6 Pagesand vulnerable women. Midwifery, 30(10), 1096-1103 8p. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2013.12.015 In this article, the authors explored the continuity of midwifery care using the caseload approach that was established in Queensland. This was to address the development of care for women experiencing inequalities and to improve birth outcomes. The authors objective was to investigate midwife’s responsibilities within their scope of practice when applying a caseload model (Midwifery Group Practice [MGP])Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography on Stress1762 Words   |  7 Pagesconcentrating. Stress can usually cause high blood pressure. Although stress cannot be avoided there are ways to adapting to it effectively. Stress can be caused in the working and even in the academic environment which is why the aim of this annotated bibliography will advise on how to manage and cope with stress in an academic environment from different authors and researchers with the conclusion of whether it is a useful advice and tool for reducing and relieving stress symptoms. Importance of StressRead MoreAlcohol Annotated Bibliography2329 Words   |  10 PagesAlcohol Annotated Bibliography. Introduction. This Annotated Bibliography has been developed in co-ordination with an Alcohol Poster presentation, with the aim of elucidating the dangers alcohol has on a person’s health and wellbeing. The author chose alcohol as a topic, as it is well-known to be dangerous but in contrast it is readily available for people to purchase. Alcohol dependency has serious detrimental effects on people’s health and social lives. The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2008)Read MoreReflection Upon an Incident Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagesher medication hidden in food, the HA’s were breaking the law. Conversely to this assumption, the HA’s were able to justify giving medication in this manner by basing their actions upon current nursing guidelines, for example, The Nurse and Midwifery Code of Conduct (NMCC) (2007), the International Code of Nursing (ICN) (2006) as well as another piece of important Governmental Legislation – the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) (2005). The ICN (2006:1) proclaims nurses have four core duties to thoseRead MoreCritical Incident Analysis Essay3770 Words   |  16 Pagesbased on the fact that evidence to support that care was given is lacking (Woods, 2003). The importance of record keeping is borne ID No: 20328 Page 9 by the emphasis placed on the subject by professional bodies such as the Nursing and Midwifery Council who documented guidelines specifically on record keeping for nurses and midwives. A learning point from this critical incident analysis is that failure to effectively communicate within the professional team may indicate poor delivery careRead MoreLife Working At Crouse Hospital Essay2214 Words   |  9 Pagesfollowing eight journal articles. Annotated Bibliography of Supportive Literature My first research selection is a quantitative article, focusing on improving pregnancy outcomes in mothers struggling with substance misuse. Joyce Leggate is the author of this article, and she is a Clinical Co-Coordinator for Community and Outpatient services at Forth Park Hospital. The purpose of this research study is to determine whether using a multi-disciplinary team along with midwifery support would have an impactRead MoreEvidence based practice, task 1 Essay9249 Words   |  37 Pagesintuitions to move to this method of handover in an effort to meet ever increasing quality and safety goals, the profession must ensure that the evidence supports the validity of the change as best practice. B2. See Attached Matrix B3a. Annotated Bibliography Bradley, S., Mott, S. (September 2012). Handover: Faster and safer? Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(1), 23-32. This study evaluated if changing the process of shift handover from traditional form conducted in an off stage area

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1697 Words

Elizabeth Bennett: Outspoken in an Oppressive Society Jane Austen once said, â€Å"it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1). In other words, women of the nineteenth century were deemed dependent on men. They were to join an advantageous marriage to remain respectable and achieve a higher social class. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice concerns the social norms of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries—a patriarchal society ruled by men who held economic and social power. Interested in Elizabeth Bennett’s romantic affairs and sense of individuality, Austen dramatizes Elizabeth’s success of finding a place within the social institution of marriage in†¦show more content†¦Jane Austen’s life is reflected throughout Pride and Prejudice through the character of Elizabeth and Jane Bennett. Both Austen and Elizabeth Bennett hold strong family ties with their older sisters. Austen was especially c lose with her older sister, Cassandra Austen, as was Elizabeth Bennett with her older sister, Jane Bennett. This familiarity allowed for honest communication that was unrivaled between most siblings. This intimacy was evident in the letters written between Austen and her sister, which included daily routine that most readers would find mundane, but were compelling to the sisters. â€Å"Jane never wrote a story that was not related first to Cassandra, and discussed with her; she literally shared every thought and feeling with her sister, and the two pleasant volumes of letters which Lord Brabourne has published show us how the intense attachment between the two sisters never waned throughout their lives† (Malden 16-17). Similarly, Elizabeth and Jane Bennett shared endless, private conversation with one another. As the two grew older, Austen and her sister’s relationship only gained in strength. With Jane’s increasingly longer pieces of literature, such as P ride and Prejudice, the relationship with her sister was expounded upon more. The writing was also mimetic, or a reflection of theShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independentRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1294 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen s exceptional novel Pride and Prejudice has been depicted as a classic that is as much a social study on class, marriage and gender as it is a romantic tale. It is an amusing representation of the social atmosphere of the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century England, and it is primarily required with courtship rituals of the English high class. The novel is more than a romantic tale, however through Austen s subtle, and ironic style, it addresses gender, class, and marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice992 Words   |  4 Pages It is unfortunate that many people tend to dismiss Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, as simply a roman tic love story, even labeling it a â€Å"chick flick.† Upon a shallow reading, it may appear to be such, but a closer look at the novel reveals so much more embedded in the story. In addition to describing the entertaining relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the novel serves to forward Austen s personal values and ideas. Furthermore, there is one issue of her era that she particularlyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1138 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It begins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane AustenRead MoreJane A usten s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this financialRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, she has specific criteria that her characters follow when choosing their mates. In today’s society, most couples still follow these criteria and more when choosing their ideal mate. What are these important criteria that Austen’s characters consider when choosing a mate? For Austen, the important cr iteria that she has for choosing a mate are that couples are personally compatible, they are in love with each other, and they must have a good moral character. Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’s main goal for woman in the Victorian era was marriage. As seen many in Pride and Prejudice, marriage wasRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1468 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening around her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth growsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen is pre-occupied with the theme of marriage. Marriage is a central issue of a woman’s life but it was even more crucial for the women of her society where women were largely dependent on the men in their lives. As a result, women pursued socio-economic stability through marriage. However, it is clear through the novel that Austen did not agree with this part of her society. In Pride and Prejudice, she gives preference to a marriage which is based on love

William Shakespeare Still Influencing People Today Essay

William Shakespeare was an English man with an unmatched way of approaching poetry, theater and playwriting. William Shakespeare has an outstanding reign of playwrights including some highly famous ones such as Romeo and Juliet(), The Tempest() and Hamlet(). He has influenced many walks of life and has set the stepping stone for other forms of entertainment. William Shakespeare has remained famous throughout his life and up to today because his poetic words have always been able to relate to people and tap into their emotions. Shakespeare was said to be born on April 23, 1564, to John Shakespeare, â€Å"a glove maker and a trader of farm produce who also worked on the city council†()and Mary Arden, â€Å"the daughter of a land owner from a†¦show more content†¦In this time, each social class had a certain accepted wardrobe they were expected to wear but in the thearter all rules were off. Not only did the actors dress up how ever they pleased but people typically wor e their own choice of clothing to see the prefromances even if they were poor. Shakespears play reflect strongly the era he grew up in and emphisised soical classes, relationships between men and women and common stereyotypes of the time. Shakespeares plays reflected both the good and the bad of the day which made them so popular because he never sugar coated anything and gave it to the people how it really was. For our benefit, it helps modern socitey to better understand the times and relate to them more easily by showing us what it was really like to live in that time era. Shakespeare is most noted for his work of Romeo and Juliet which is taught in most public education school curriculum. In this play a boy and girl from two differnt families who happen to be enimies, fall in love.() Many of his stories are based on a love that cannot be fufilled, starcrossed lovers or an underlying love that does not come to full circle till the end. In another play by Shaekspear called the Tem pest the main woman charater possess as her brother and pretends to be a servent for the king. She ends up falls for the king but he thinks she’s a man, thisShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 PagesPoet, playwright, actor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespeare influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English languageRead MoreEssay about Ben Johnson and William Shakespeare 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesfriend. A friend is a person who knows your weaknesses and despite them still finds joy in your compa ny. A friend can also serve as a muse that inspires a person to greater heights. Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare had an enduring friendship that was intertwined with threads of rivalry (Ben Jonson). These men shared a common love of writing and both would impact the literary world in different ways. Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare had different experiences in life, styles of writing but both wouldRead MoreThe Foundation Of Image : William Shakespeare1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Foundation of Image William Shakespeare is one of the most known writers not only of his time period, but to this day. He is known for the 37 plays he wrote and his 154 sonnets which are often recreated and studied today. Reading can seem very monotonous and boring if you’re not impacted by the text. A writer has to lay a foundation to pull their reader in and paint an imaginative picture in their reader’s head in order to bring a story to life. William Shakespeare was nowhere shy of doing theseRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1242 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent than it is today in regards to entertainment. The Elizabethans’ favourite past time was watching theatrical performances mostly delivered by William Shakespeare. During the Golden Age of England, theatre was at its pinnacle, influencing classical English culture and starting a catalyst that would ripple through amphitheatres throughout Europe. Since drama’s debut in Ancient Greece, the dimensions of comedy and tragedy have never been explored until William Shakespeare expanded them to includeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1155 Words   |  5 PagesPeople tend to judge others based on many aspects. Sometimes they may try to force people to act upon certain rules that define their place in society. They often try to meet expectations that society has made for them based on gender and social status. William Shakespeare reinforces these ideas in his play Twelfth Night, which introduces many meaningful messages about situations that still occur in society today. He clearly develops important themes worthy of analysis. A few of these strong themesRead MoreEssay about Names Can Have Substantial Influence in Decisions1433 Words   |  6 Pagesare saying that names can be a substantial influence in decision-making. Albeit the depth and manner of effects of names are different, psychological research from recent decades show that names have subconscious effects, and even instinctive ly, influencing their personality, career choice, residence, even success. Oftentimes upon hearing a word, an immediate bias is formed towards the word. The moment someone hears an unknown word, he or she assumes the meaning of the word from the way it soundsRead MoreShakespeare s Madness : A Timeless Reflection Of Society1535 Words   |  7 Pagesschizophrenia, dementia, and psychosis; however, these illnesses prove not to be the exact cause of the various downfalls to the characters throughout the play Hamlet. The author, William Shakespeare, depicts a different type of insanity in the play, one that seems ambiguous but also feels eerily similar to ones that still affect others to this day. Shweta Bali, author of Mechanics of Madness in Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear, reiterates this by stating, â€Å"Insanity—real or obfuscated—is integral toRead MoreThe Impact Of Shakespeare s Character Representation1998 Words   |  8 PagesThe Impact of Shakespeare on Character Representation Writing is an inexhaustible source for sharing emotions and ideas. Robin Williams once said that â€Å"Poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for.† What we put into our writing is a part of us and should touch others in positive way. Whether to inform, persuade, or entertain, it meant to be passionate. For most students, almost all of knowledge we learn in English glass is about either about boring, dull research papers we willRead MoreAnalysis Of The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao857 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one of the greatest writer in the world. He has written allot of plays which were amazing and interesting. Even today, people still try to understand and figure out Shakespeare’s master piece in his plays. Many of them are influencing writers’ around the world and one of them is called Junot Diaz. â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao† is the title of Junot Diaz book in which we can perceive the authorà ¢â‚¬â„¢s allusion to William’s Shakespeare play in order to comprehend the bookRead MoreShutter Island Film Analysis1435 Words   |  6 Pagesvisual action, adventure conducted by Christopher Nolan, Twelfth Night written by William Shakespeare, and Tell-Tale Heart produced by Edgar Allan Poe. I decided to choose texts that are recognized for their brilliance. Both visual and written texts are contrasted in relation to time, the visual texts are of modern era whereas the written texts are of a previous generation. Manipulation is defined as influencing an idea and can have positive and negative impacts on a society. Negative manipulation

Exploiting Loss Article Review A Study Of Death And...

Exploiting Loss Article Review There are many ethical issues when considering how to handle research on grief and bereaving on social media and blogs. Do the bloggers and users of social media have the same rights to privacy that people have when the source is paper/written? This article, Exploiting Loss?: Ethical Considerations, Boundaries, and Opportunities for the Study of Death and Grief online, focuses on six ethical issues when studying death and grief online: privacy and anonymity; researcher lurking; language choice and changes; topical sensitivity; emotional impact on researchers; and researchers responsibilities and obligation. Each of these topic are important to understand and set the guidelines for now and in the future as social media and blogs/ online articles are becoming the way to communicate not only in your own country, but around the world. The First Issue that is discussed if the ethical issue of privacy and anonymity. There are many interpretations of the limitations to privacy online. There is the general understanding that comments are considered to be public, but the actual studying of the sites discussing the issues of death and bereavement is more complicated. They need to be looked at the same way as we look at newspaper columns. The question is as to whether blogs and sites like this could be cited. In newspaper articles the person can hide their identity under a pseudonym, it’s harder to do this via the internet. They had submitted severalShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages. 8 Education: Teaching English as a Second or Other Language (TESOL)—non-native English Speaker .................................................................................................................................... 8 Environmental Studies ............................................. ............................................................... 9 Geography .............................................................................................................................Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in theRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pages it has over a seven year period in the market sold more than 175,000. In high-tech marketing, we call this an â€Å"upside miss.† The appeal of the book, I believe, is that it puts a vocabulary to a market development problem that has given untold grief to any number of high-tech enterprises. Seeing the problem externalized in print has a sort of redemptive effect on people who have fallen prey to it in the past—it wasn’t all my fault! Moreover, like a good book on golf, its prescriptions give

Dystopia Essay Free Essays

Dystopia is a Utopia gone wrong to create a society that rather than making people happy, makes people unhappy. That is exactly what the town in Fahrenheit 451 had become, a dystopia. The creation of this dystopia was the result of the government fearing the power given to the citizens through the knowledge in books so they took them away. We will write a custom essay sample on Dystopia Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ban of books formed the dystopia, the people’s fear of being burned for reading made the social principles, and the people who didn’t fear to be burned rebelled and showed their society what was wrong with the way they were living. What started this whole dystopia in the first place was the government’s fear of being overpowered by the citizens who read and gained power from the knowledge they had collected. Because of the government’s fear, books were completely banned and anyone who decided to break the law was burned with the books inside the house. People called the firemen were the ones to start the fire which differs from their former job of putting them out. Everything changed when the books got banned whether it was as simple as people getting an urge to read even if they never wanted to before or as drastic as a worker who once saved people from fires was someone who killed people with fire. Because the penalty was so extreme, the law was followed in most cases and a lot of people were afraid of being burned. The only thing that kept this law in action was the fact that the people were afraid of the consequence which made society obedient as they quaked in fear. Because of the obedience, there always seemed to be routine. Nobody really knew how to feel about it because they didn’t want to know how to feel about it in fear that they would feel negatively towards it and be burned for the thought. The social principles throughout the whole novel, Fahrenheit 451, revolved around the fear of the people and the government as a whole. What really scared the government, however, were the people who were not afraid of the government or the consequences of reading. They were the ones that had the power in knowledge and could see the fault in the society. Rebels in society tried to make everyone see what was wrong but failed. In the novel, they had a plan that worked and put an end to the ban of books using the government’s war to get rid of the rebels against them. What the rebels showed the rest of the town was that the government took away power we had a right to and knowledge we created and were entitled to and that the government took it away from the people so that they would be the only one with power and the citizens were to always be the obedient ones. The realization of the dystopia is what destroyed the government with help from the rebellious ones. Within knowledge comes power and in that power, people are the welders. If you try to take away power that people are given and entitled to, you’re not going to get very far. That’s what happened in Fahrenheit 451 that made it a dystopia. The government took away the power of the people and in the end, society rebelled. Making the novel, Fahrenheit 451, a dystopia. How to cite Dystopia Essay, Essays

Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Policy Essay Sample free essay sample

Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal policy was a awful act. In 1830 Andrew Jackson passed a jurisprudence that would alter Native American lives everlastingly. This act was the worst act taking the people that had been here manner much longer than the English colonists. Andrew Jackson’s Indian remotion policy was informed by his belief in patriotism and states’ rights ; the policy led to corruptness and the close devastation of Native Americans. Andrew Jackson had a strong belief in patriotism and states’ rights. Jackson believed that the United States should be unified to one. Andrew Jackson quoted that† the. unfavorable judgment is unjust if it distorts the function he really played†pg ( 3 ) . This means that the Indians that are criticized is unfairness for the 1s that really were involved. The Indian remotion policy broke many promises to the Native Americans. The Indians were told that they did non hold to go forth and head south till subseque ntly on when they were really forced by menace that if they were to remain they would be killed or they had to seek to alter their ways to what they the settlers’ considered a common adult male which would neer go on and finally most tribes left. We will write a custom essay sample on Andrew Jackson: Indian Removal Policy Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jackson himself had tried to deter corruptness among the authorities agents chosen to set up the remotion. but the events as they really transpired ran wholly opposite to what he expected and promised. Jackson’s policy about destroyed many Native American lives they lost everything like in the route of cryings. The president had said that the Indians were right and could remain but Jackson said U could remain but u will be killed and that ruined many lives it ruined their civilization. Language and imposts. Jackson quoted that if the Indians stayed they would â€Å"disappear and be forgotten. † Pg ( 5 ) . This means that if they stayed they would hold all been killed. Native Americans were forced to travel out by the policy of the Indian remotion act. Jackson’s policy had led to the patriotism and states the corruptness along with the close devastation of the Native Americans. First a new jurisprudence was established that no longer Native Americans could be in American lands and were to be removed. Second the promises that the U. S. A. had made to the Native Americans were all broken and were treated unjust. Third they the Americans had cost the close devastat ion of Indians. This event that occurred was a awful act of unkindness. Today we live our lives as is because what if we did non take the Native Americans it would be awfully different and I am grateful for how the U. S. A. is today.

Training and development is important for organization collections

Question: Training and Development Is How To Important For Organization Collections? Answer: Introduction Training and development is an important asset for an organization that helps generate collections of skilled employees and maintain the utmost performance for the organization. This is an integral part of any organizational practices irrespective of their nature of business be. This is very important for the betterment of an organizational performance. However, this is more important to identify the actualization of training and development program in organizational practices. Sometimes management fails to identify that there is such requirement of any training and development program. This is exactly what has happened in the case organization reference (Cummings Worley, 2014). The case organization, which is Azamartini in Uzbekistan, is having some similar kinds of issues. The organization is having scarcity of skilled employees, which is because of its poor registrars that have no time for look after its employees. In addition to thus, the company is also facing some serious issu es related to the learning. The learning environment is hugely missing in the company and the registrars are busy with their stuffs. They do not have time for speaking about the problems, which they have identified in the company. The main purpose of this assignment would be to arrange a training and development process for the Azamartini, which could train its registrars on how to deal with other employees. Nevertheless, the training and the development program would also target its employees for providing the graduate professional skills in them. Organization: Brief overview: Azamartini is a busy restaurant chain in Uzbekistan. The company has some serious issue, as it is evident from the perspectives of training and development. The company lacks a serious absence of learning environment in the company. Nevertheless, this is an undeniable fact that learning is a continuous process, which needs to be implemented on a continuous basis to attain maximum skilful organizational operation (Mendenhall, 2012). The other problem of the company is its registrars who are busy people and have no significant time for looking after the employees. Nevertheless, the organization is having a good business but suffering a highly elevated business just because of inefficient registrars and the absence of learning environment in the company. Importance of training for the organization: Training and development is an integral part of an organization, which not only trains employees on some kinds of learning but also help the groom as a professional, which is very important for the high-end performance (Webb, 2012). The importance of training can well be observed by looking deep into the future requirement of an organization and the relevant skills. If the relevant skills are not available with its employees, then it forms some kind of urgency for the management that they have some counter solution for this as well. At such instances, training comes out as the most trustable option for the inception of newly proposed skills and the relevant nurturing of employees (Moon, 2013). Development of an employee is a lifetime process, which never ends in its profitability and scope. To the company in case, it is of utmost importance that its employees get engaged in a continuous development of their professionalism. However, it is also a part of training as employees are gene rally not aware of their responsibilities. Therefore, training is a good resource of creating awareness related to the professional development in employees (Silberman Biech, 2015). Participants: Participants of training are those who conduct the training and those for whom the training are conducted. In the proposed training and development program for the Azamartini Company, the participants would be all the employees, the registrars, trainers and the managers (Nadler Nadler, 2012). The managers are required because they need to maintain a high attendance of employees during the entire training process. If all the employees were attending the entire training sessions, this would be a huge success for the company, as this would give an utmost success to the company. The registrars are required to attend the training, as they are required to be trained in how to manage employees and how to take care of other tasks apart from just maintaining the registers. The proposed training would be conducted aiming on some predetermined outcomes and the objectives. Therefore, a successful completion of the training program would mean that employees are well versed with all the expertise needed to be out into some other projects and extract some exceptional works from them. However, this is only possible if the employees have attended all the training sessions and they have tried to understand all the things of the training (Haff Triplett, 2015). Moreover, they have cleared all of their doubts from the trainers. This would help employees develop the required learning skills. The managers would also have some moments to have a look on its employees by just checking their attendance during the entire training program. The registrars would be benefitted from the training and development program because they would also come to know about some important things, which they are missing while being on the duty (Haff Triplett, 2015). Program plan: Plan detail: There are three theories of learning, which are widely popular in the organizational practices. Following are the three kinds of learning, which are very vital while choosing and planning the training for the company (Phillips Phillips, 2016): Behaviourism: It is a psychological development of knowledge, which gets develop into a personal characteristic when it observes something. It gets developed automatically, which is highly influenced by different circumstances that have different development of knowledge with the different surrounding situations (Patton McMahon, 2014). Cognitivism: This is other kind of psychological development of knowledge, which also gets influenced by some surrounding circumstances. However, it differs in nature of origination than the other two forms of learning theories. According to Cognitivism, knowledge gets developed within the mind after observing the external surrounding. This is also dependent on the personal development of brain as this play enormous significance in acquiring and developing the knowledge within the brain (Inhelder, Sinclair Bovet, 2014). Constructivism: This is the last of the all-learning theories, which is also influenced by the external surroundings; however, in this kind of learning theory, the observer develops knowledge after observing the surrounding circumstances. This is also influenced psychologically but the observer himself develops such knowledge (Patton McMahon, 2014). The training and development program would follow the constructivism theory in particular. This is because of the fact that the theory encourages the construction of learner traits. Moreover, this emphasizes on the development of the learned skills, which is indeed the utter requirement for the Azamartini Restaurant. The restaurant is missing big on the learning part, which is hardly found in the working environment of the organization. The learning practice is really missing in the working environment of the company. in addition to this, the registrars of the company are also very limited in their scope. They generally show no time for others. This is for all such reasons that the company needs some serious repair of their talent skills. The employees are needed to be trained on the existing and the newest skills to enhance the competitiveness in the company. The registrars also need training and development program because they have become stagnant with one particular kind of task. They need to be multidimensional in order to support their contribution to the company in the varied situation. Program objectives: The proposed training and development program has been designed while keeping some objectives intact with the training and development program (Phillips Phillips, 2016): To develop a learning environment at the workplace To train the registrars on how to deal with multitasking at the varied circumstances in the company To train employees on different and newest skills To enhance the competitiveness of the Azamartini Restaurant Planned activities: The scheduled training and the development program would contain the following activities (Mendenhall, 2012): Before the scheduled training setting up the training room with all the required equipments such as projector, chairs, lights, internet and speakers Mangers would check the attendance of all the participants Trainees would attend the training session quite prior to the when trainers enters the training room Training would be divided in two section, one for the registrars and the other for the employees Registrars would undergo a very short training as they only require some conceptual shifting to multitasking; however, this would also require some training as multitasking would attract some special training of handling those tasks Employees would be trained on basically the existing and some newest skills The training would be given to employees on a regular basis when the management feels the urgency of the same Continuation of training would be tried to maintain because this would help create a pure learning atmosphere at the workplace After every training session, there would be a feedback session to check the absorbance of the training, which is very important for maintaining a continuation of training with appropriate flow Feedback session is very important as it lets the trainers know about the absorbing capabilities of every trainees Feedback session would be to check the improvement of taught skills and the quality of the trainers After the completion of the training program, the taught skills would be implemented to get the desired objectives of the training Implemented training skills would be monitored with the help of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to check the progress of the desired operation The underachievement of any training skills would be compensated by some alternatives may be in the form of a training Training would be a continuous process as this is required for creating the learning environment at the workplace of Azamartini Restaurant Delivery methods: The best way to deliver the training would be to conduct the training in a training room with the help of some required equipments such as projector and speaker. Following methods would be used to deliver the training (Ford, 2014): Prioritising the participants of the training Constructing the training goals Organizing the information in some established ways such as Chronological, Sequential and Point-Counterpoint Adopting some good learning styles such as Visual, Kinesthetic-Tactile and Auditory Development of powerful images Making selection on some appropriate media such as Flip Charts, Videos, PowerPoint Presentations and Projector Slides Creating the learning environment Constructing a question answer session at the end of the training session Instructions for the trainer: The trainer needs to be flexible with all the kinds of participants in the training. This would help the trainers making good connectivity with the trainees. Trainers are needed to be patient while going through the question answer session. This would help answering to the most of the question of the trainees. Moreover, this would also help create a learning atmosphere in the training premise, which is very important for attaining maximum benefits of the training program. Trainers are required to be engaged with the trainees through some unprofessional but highly effective method such as making some fun while at the training. This would help trainees engaged to the training at fullest of their commitment. Trainers are required to have an extensive preparation on the training modules. This would help them answer to maximum questions of trainees with highest level of satisfaction (Pedler, Burgoyne Boydell, 2013). Evaluation / Feedback: The evaluation of the training can be done by arranging some feedback session, which generally looks god at the end of the training session. This is very important for extracting better output of the proposed training program. Feedbacks can be taken by taking some interviews with the selected participants. This can also be done by distributing some feedback pamphlets among the participants. The generated responses of the participants would help know to some extent the outcome of the training. However, the real outcome of the training can only be achieved after watching and observing the implementation of the learned skills (Gardner Gardner, 2012). Resources Required: Following are some of the required resources without which the proposed training and the development program can never prosper (Hopkins, 2015): Training room Required equipments such as Projector and Speaker Chairs and other sitting modes as feasible to the financial capabilities of the company One or two trainers Participants such as trainees, registrars, managers and trainers Electricity and internet connection Financial resources to support the proposed training program, which varies depending on the different requirement such as required equipments, internet connection and sitting facilities Manpower to design and prepare the training room before the proposed training Possible Barriers: Good thought training can also come across some challenges, which are high barriers to the successful completion of the training and the implementation of the training. The barriers can be in the form of management, which might not support the training process. It can also be in the form of trainees and the participants who are less dedicated towards the training. Financial weakness can also be some barriers to the training and development program. To the Azamartini Company there might be numerous barriers, which might hamper the successful completion of the training. The biggest problem for the Azamartini or a company like this is their labors that have become stagnant with the same kind of skills. There are many reasons behind the problem, which are causing and producing some strong barrier to the proposed training in the company. The registrars have become stagnant with their choice of works, which are causing them from becoming multitasking. This is also hampering the working environment in the organization. The registrars and the stagnant skills of its employees can pose some barrier to the success of the training because they might not readily absorb the importance of the proposed training. Moreover, not all the established methods of training and the relevant attracting skills can ever guarantee the success of training as it depends readily on the grasping power of employees. The other problem is the financial resources, which is a challenge for the company because the proposed training does not hold any guarantee return of the high investm ents made on the training. The other problem is the attendance of employees, which is a constraint for the company. This is because of such reason that the management has decided to scrutinize the attendance of employees. The attendance of employees is very necessary, as this would assure the success of the proposed training. The registrars have conflicting thoughts, which is also evident in their stagnant behaviour towards the work responsibilities (Landis Brislin, 2013). Conclusion: The Azamartini Restaurant does not have a good learning environment, which cold maintain a continuous learning of skills important for attaining the highest level of competitiveness in the market. The registrars of the company have also become stagnant with their one kind of job responsibilities. Moreover, the proposed training is constructed to change the working environment of the company, which would be highly supported by skilled employees. The management has decided the training program on analyzing the needs of the same; however, some barriers in the company are posing threats to the success of the training program. These barriers are but not limited to such as financial resources, nature of registrars and stagnant nature of participating employees. References: Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Ford, J. K. (2014).Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Gardner, J. N., Gardner, J. (Eds.). (2012).Assessment and learning. Sage. Haff, G. G., Triplett, N. T. (Eds.). (2015).Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning 4th Edition. human resource Management kinetics. Hopkins, D. (2015).Improving the quality of education for all: A handbook of staff development activities. Routledge. Inhelder, B., Sinclair, H., Bovet, M. (2014).Learning and the Development of Cognition (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press. Landis, D., Brislin, R. W. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of intercultural training: Issues in training methodology(Vol. 116). Elsevier. Mendenhall, M. E. (2012).Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Moon, J. A. (2013).Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Nadler, Z., Nadler, L. (2012).Designing training programs. Routledge. Patton, W., McMahon, M. (2014).Career development and systems theory: Connecting theory and practice(Vol. 2). Springer. Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., Boydell, T. (2013).A Manager's Guide to Self-development. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Phillips, J. J., Phillips, P. P. (2016).Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Silberman, M. L., Biech, E. (2015).Active training: A handbook of techniques, designs, case examples, and tips. John Wiley Sons. Webb, G. (2012).Understanding staff development. Routledge.

Film Overview Sugar Cane Alley Essay Example For Students

Film Overview Sugar Cane Alley Essay In the Sugar Cane Alley, everybody including the kids do terrible physical labor in the sugar fields, with only one way out: Education. The workers pay is very hard to live off of, and there is almost no other options for work for them. Only the smartest would go to work in the city. The overseers are very strict, and they even force pregnant women to work. Even though they arent slaves anymore, they dont have many opportunities available to them. They sing The master has now become the boss ?. They want new jobs outside of the sugar cane alley, but most have no hope of making it out. Only the kids can escape through schooling. They try to get Town Hall jobs, and other jobs in the city. One adult says, Learning is the key to freedom. ? Mr Medouze also says, Men can destroy lives, but not recreate. ? He is talking about how they were released from slavery, but now they still dont have lives. All they do is work in the cane fields for little pay, and try to live off it. When Mr. Medouze is dying, he says that when he goes, he will be going back home to Africa. Its a home and heaven to him and where he would like to be. Jose explains this to the townsfolk when Mr. Medouze passes. Leopolds father doesnt want him hanging around Jose because he is poor. Even though Leopold is a mixed child, he is treated like a white because his father is rich and white. As Leopolds father is dying, the man says that he will not pass his name down to him. He said his name is not for a mulatto. This strips Leopold of everything. After Leopolds father dies. Nobody respects him because he is a mulatto, or a mule ?. He only is respected because his father is white and rich, even though his mother is black. He is accused of stealing something and is arrested. As they take Leopold away, the crowd sings, The blacks have no justice, and no money. ? Jose Amantine is a hardworking kid who has the drive to get out of the fields. He passes the exams and gets to go to school in the city. Even though his full name is Jose Amantine, he goes by the name Jose Hassam, which is a respected name because it is the name of the teacher back in the country. Ma Tine has to work ironing and washing clothes all day just to afford living in the city and paying for Joses school. Some kids get in to the school, but they cannot afford it so they stay and work in the fields. This goes back to how they dont have very many opportunities. Jose is happy in school. Jose is even accused of cheating because the teacher does not expect him to be such a good student. After doing well in school, Jose is given a full scholarship. Ma Tine dies from being too exhausted from working her whole life. She is said to be going back to Mr. Medouzes Africa ?. In the end, Joses last words are that when he goes back to the city, he will take Black Shack Alley with him. He says this because he will not forget his roots and where he came from. He will most likely go back and visit his old friends in the alley, because it is where he came from. This movie shows the hard times of the people who used to be slaves, but are now released. Even though they are said to be free ?, they still have to stay and do the same work, for little wages. I dont know if you can call that free ?. The whites family names give them power in these societies. Very few make it out of the fields, and most spend their whole lives there.

What jazz is and what jazz is not

Jazz existence in the world of music has its own ambiguity in definitions. Jazz is a section of creative art that is mostly an illustration of African – American sense of art. It is a field which has become jargonized recognizing itself additional as separate from past forms rather than relevant to today’s world of music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What jazz is and what jazz is not specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is much interesting finding out that even many of those who claim to be the die hearts of this type of music do not have a clear definition of what jazz is. There is uniqueness in this type of music in its inclusiveness in performance which I think is a combination of Africa and Europe cultures. The vagueness of the definition of Jazz is even made complex by the notion held by many fans that it is rhythmical music which is to be felt rather than being defined. According to John Phi lip Sousa â€Å"Jazz will endure just as long as people hear it through their feet instead of their brains.† Jazz is a music genre whose origin dates back to 1900 in New Orleans, America. The manipulations that led to those early New Orleans sounds date back to ethnic African drum beats and European music make ups. Christopher Meeder (8-10) Persuasions of Jazz appear to have come from all over, one being the African musical performances that continued a part of the slave culture and another being from the dominant white musical culture of Western Europe. The Western Europe tradition had simple harmonies, simple rhythms, and the form often used was AABA. This happened when about four million slaves converted to American citizens and mixed up their African Background with the new music they were learning giving rise to Jazz music. There is much history about jazz which is not known due to lack of recording by then. While evaluating the account of Jazz one cannot fail to conside r the fact that Jazz shaped many musical forms such as Spirituals, Cakewalks, Ragtime and The Blues. Christopher Meeder (15-16) The elimination of slavery led to new openings for the education of liberated Africans. Those who were lucky to get employed, ventured into provision of entertainment and music industries. One of the major players of Jazz was ‘The Cornetist Buddy Bolden’ who is often referred to as the first jazz musician.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bolden performed in New Orleans between 1900 and 1910. Another key contributor in the influential of Jazz is believed to be Jelly Roll Morton who began his career in Storyville. From 1904, he explored with vaudeville shows. Morton claims to have made-up Jazz but with little evidence it is hard to conclude who invented Jazz, However, He was the first writer of Jazz music, signifying he was the first to essent ially put his songs in writing. Christopher Meeder (22-23) Jazz is characterized by tones that are distinctive and unique and rhythmic patterns that are syncopated and dotted. Melody in Jazz uses the stepwise motion. More attempts to define jazz have been made and as a result of these, jazz has existed in different forms. As a result, due to the spreading of jazz music in different regions of the world, variety of elements were fused together resulting to existence of different genres of jazz such as the Latin jazz and rock jazz. Basically, jazz is a genre of music that has features as any other music genre. Basic elements of jazz include interpretation, improvisation, rhythm and tempo. Henry martin (9-10) Interpretation is simply how the musician plays a melody. This is achieved by quoting melodies derived from different sources. Also, by placing triplets in the main/ basic beat, a melody could easily be played in jazz form. This aspect of playing in jazz is known as swinging of th e melody. Improvisation is another hard element of jazz . Most musicians/players spend most of their time mastering and working on this aspect in their playing. It marks the essence of what makes jazz a cut above other genres of music, as instantaneous composition, edition and performance encompass its definition. Meeder Christopher (11) it is through this element that jazz players are judged. It is also through this element that the players claim immortality. It is the fuel behind jazz music. Henry Martin (8) Improvisation enables a player to express himself at that instant. One other element of jazz is the tempo. Tempo in musical context is a word that means speed. In jazz, the tempo is constant from the beginning to the point at which the piece ends. It is the tempo of jazz that makes it soothing and appealing to the ear and this is a major characteristic of jazz. If you happen to ask anyone as to why he/she loves jazz, the most likely answer you are to get is that the piece is s oothing due to the nature of its tempo.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What jazz is and what jazz is not specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jazz music is different from those other music genre. First and foremost, jazz encompasses a lot of flutes and trumpets melody for that matter. Jazz is not guided by a vocalist and composer neither is jazz held to a standard of performance. Jazz comes with a lot of instrumentation making it much more difficult to play jazz music. Therefore, jazz music cannot just be played by any person but with those that have the real passion for music. Henry martin (14-16) It varies significantly from classical music in which there is no originality from the instrumentalist, rather a mere execution of the composer’s ideas. Scott Yanow (32). They are held to a performance that is standardized and that which has already been established by people who have already performed in past eve nts. It is for this reason that jazz performers will always differ from any other performers. They are always encouraged to discover their ’sound’. They adhere to those basic elements of intonation, improvisation, tempo, rhythm etc. Jazz players will try as much as possible not to sound like anyone else. Therefore, it is true to say that jazz is more of the player’s art whereas classical music is more of the composer’s art. A careful look at the entire jazz concert would reveal that jazz concerts definitely lack conductors. This is because the tempo in jazz music is steady and constant from the start of performance to the end hence no need for conductors. Jazz music also differs from other music genre since it draws from the human emotions and feelings as inspiration of the creative force, and as a result of this discourse is chronicled tales of the people. Jazz players and those who follow the genre can be viewed as a community of art comprising of its l eaders, spokesperson the members and fans. Christopher Meeder (11-13) Jazz has become one of the most popular genres since it’s unique and comes with its own form of dance. It’s an energetic dance full of fun and encompasses moves that are unique, quick turns, great footwork and big leaps. Also, there are dancing clothes that also make jazz different and unique. Jazz dance requires costumes that are tight and reveal the dancer’s body line. Baggy clothes are not encouraged. Most jazz dancers would go for dance pants. Clothes worn for the jazz dance include leotards, t-shirts and tank tops (form fitting). What makes jazz dance different from dances such as hip-hop where dancers stick to certain dance routine is that in jazz, dancers are encouraged to make each step unique and fun by adding their own personality. Steps in jazz include piques, ballet turns, chaines, and even pirouettes. There are also some leaps that are involved in jazz dancing and these include to ur jetes, grandee jetes and even turning jumps. The jazz dancers also do what is called the isolation which involves moving one body part while the other parts of the body are motionless. Christopher Meeder (18-19)Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jazz is definitely not many things. For instance, jazz is not classical music. As mentioned above, a huge difference exists between jazz and the classical music. Even though they seem to be alike, jazz music involves the players creativity and ability to form his/her own composition when in terms of music melodies and tones or performers ability to come up with moves that are unique and artistic in nature when in terms of the dance. Jazz is not opera as some people may think. Actually there is a very huge difference between jazz and the opera. Even though both genres date back to the old days, opera hardly uses dances or instruments. The melody in opera varies with various cadencies and tonal variations whereas in jazz the melody is steady. Jazz is also not an intellectual complexity. Most people who criticized jazz only claimed to any thoughtfulness about the music were that they knew it was unique or else they had visited a Negro slum to hear their desired instrumentalist defame w estern musical custom. Most jazz critics are not merely white middle-class Americans, but middle-brows also. Other types of music and jazz aesthetic, to be fully understood, must be seen in as almost its absolute human context as possible. It is Negro music that has been consistently ignored or misunderstood; and it is a question that cannot be adequately answered without first understanding the necessity of asking it. Scott Yanow (25-26). Jazz music has got radical development and has much influence. Modern jazz artists are probing for ways to make the music style practically watertight. The flaws which are being shunned are often referred to as the soul of jazz. Jazz can be well thought-out to be one of the most prominent types of music in America and lately spreading all over the world. Some of the well known artists in the world who have contributed to the sensation of jazz have had their history throughout the world. Jazz music has currently served as a base for many music styl es across the continents. In its early development stages, jazz was mainly considered as a set style that had a lot of differences from the rest of the styles that were there. Today, jazz is still recognized for its uniqueness and at many times, a disjunctive synchronization style, it is not one of the typical forms of music any longer. At its developing early stage, jazz style was based in one precise locality, and because of the recognition, it has been able to move many parts of the world. Jazz only had few performances in the early stages and its audience was also not large. This has greatly changed and with the current growth rate, it is likely that in the next five years, jazz music will experience greater audience than ever before. Also, today many other countries have their own styles of jazz that have carried over through the ages and continue to grow as jazz carries on through many more times to come. Jazz music has gone through many radical changes so far and it is still hard to predict its future. The fact that it is not restricted to any certain style of music and it is dynamic to changes in creativity available in the music industry makes it much more unpredictable. In the past, Jazz has changed from ragtime, swing, coal, hard bop, and to fusion jazz. Other music genres are also radical to changes and will in one way or another influence jazz. In my view Jazz is likely to change in the next five years consistently to audience wants and also for it being modern. For the formulation of an understanding about Jazz, I think it is critical to set up standards of judgment and aesthetic excellence that depends on native knowledge and local culture references that produce jazz. Jazz is more than just music, it involves expression of emotions. I also think that with the radical responsiveness to change jazz has received so far, it is not limited and more changes should be expected accommodating audience from all walks of life. Scott Yanow (9-10). Work Cit ed Martin Henry. Jazz: First 100 Years. Chicago: Cengage Learning, 2011. Meeder Christopher. Jazz: The Basics. New York: Routledge, 2008. Yanow Scott. Jazz: Regional Exploration. Chicago: Greenwood Publisher Group, 2005. This essay on What jazz is and what jazz is not was written and submitted by user Sub-Mariner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Xdsl Essays - Digital Subscriber Line, DSL Modem,

Xdsl Digital Subscriber Lines Fast and affordable Internet access has become a big issue for private users and small businesses. Today users have many different options concerning Internet access. One can use a 56k/28k modem, cable modem, wireless, Ethernet, an ISDN connection, a T1 or T3 connection, or a DSL connection. Each method of connection has advantages and disadvantages concerning security, cost, and speed. A newer technology for users is DSL or a Digital Subscriber Line. DSL uses existing phone lines to send info. Unlike a dial up analog modem, a DSL connection allows voice and data to be sent at the same time on the same phone line, the bit rate is faster and the connection is continuous (no need to dial up). DSL Technology DSL is a technology for pushing high bit rates through last mile telephone connections (small gage copper less that 18,000 ft.). For most people, point A will be their home and point B will be the substation of the local phone company. DSL modems, unlike conventional modems, establish a connection from one end of a copper wire to the other end of that copper wire: the signal does not pass into the telephone switching system. DSL modems are not limited to using only the voice frequencies passed by the standard telephone system (usually 0-4kHz), DSL modems typically use more than 100kHhz. (Day 1999) When the local loop carrying the voice/data reaches the local phone company the loop first goes to a splitter which separates the voice from the data. The voice frequencies are sent to the traditional telephone switching network used for voice transfer. The data frequencies are wired into a DSL modem at the central office (CO) end. The resulting high-speed digital data stream coming from (or going to) the consumer is handled as digital data (not analog voice) and may be hooked into a number of networks connection to the data's destination. The data never enters the standard telephone switching system. (Day 1999) When you connect to the ISP (Internet Service Provider) you are not connecting to the ISP over its standard modem bank, instead you are coming in over some sort of LAN/WAN (Local/Wide Area Network) data connection that the ISP has arranged with your local phone company. This is the only way an ISP can provide DSL-connected ISP service for customers. Because of the connection to the area network the DSL connection is always on, there is no need to dial up and connect to a modem. (Day 1999) This is a good graphic network map from dslreports.com DSL Protocols There are many different protocols and sub protocols that fall under DSL. Some of the main protocols for DSL are: -ADSL-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (1.5 Mbps-9Mbps) (DNAI 1999) -RADSL-Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (test and adapts for fastest speed) (DNAI 1999) -HDSL-High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (T1 Speeds, currently requires 2 lines) (DNAI 1999) -VDSL-Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (ten times as fast as ADSL, not on market yet) (Clarke 1999) DSL networks have modems at both ends of the connection, the customer's modem and the ISP's modem. Because different protocols use different hardware (modem) the ISP chooses what protocol will be used. Hardware Although it depends on your ISP and the equipment they use, typically you will need a 10Base-T adapter with which to connect to the external DSL modem, and a personal computer. Keep in mind that with different protocols you will need different DSL modems. If you are putting together a LAN you will also need a hub or preferably a switch. Usually the customer DSL device is implemented as a bridge, router or both. (Kristoff 1999) Splitters and Filters Because the same line is used to send voice and data frequencies it is possible for interference to occur. Sometimes a phone will go above the 4kHZ frequency and cause interference with the DSL data stream. Another problem is the high frequencies used by the DSL modem can be picked up by the phone resulting in static on the headset. The original solution to 4kHZ interference problems was to use a POTS splitter. A splitter takes the phone line and forks it. One line goes to the telephones and the other goes to the DSL modem. Besides splitting the line the splitter acts as a

Last Voyage Of The Lusitania essays

Last Voyage Of The Lusitania essays The Lusitania was a very large ship. It was made to transport people from the US to England. It had many decks, and each deck is labeled like the ships now days. There is a deck for the first class people, a deck for second class people, an entertainment deck and some lower decks for storages and The day was May 7, 1915 just nine months into World War I. This day was to be the last voyage for the Lusitania. A German U-boat shot a torpedoe at the ship and sunk it within 20 minutes. Hundreds of people died over one hundred Americans. The biggest controversy over the sinking of the ship was, how can a ship that was so big and built to with stand up to 3 A lot of people speculated and said the reason for the sinking was, the ship was carrying military bombs and when the torpedoe penatrated the hull it ignited the bombs and blew out the whole bottom. It was true that the Lusitania was carrying military weaponry, but it was just ammunition and shrapnal, nothing that had to do with bombs. So how did it sink? Well in the movie for the first time explorer and scientist Dr. Robert Ballard discoverer of R.M.S. Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, takes out new technology that will go down to the wreck sight and photograph the wreck and get up close and personal to see the holes in the hull to determine what actually caused the sinking of the Lusitania What they discoverd was, it was all bad luck. As they where looking around the ship on the ground they discovered coal pieces laying along the side. Now the side that the torpedoe entered was on the side that is was liying on. But when they looked for the giant hole that would have been produced from a giant explosion where the supposed bombs and explosive cargo was So they went back to the coal and went to an ...

Talking About Weather in Spanish

Talking About Weather in Spanish Everyone talks about the weather, so if you want to improve your ability to have casual conversations in Spanish, one way is to learn the language of weather. Talking about the weather is straightforward, although some sentence structures are used that arent used inEnglish. In English, it is very common to use it when discussing the weather, as in the sentence it is raining. In Spanish, it isnt necessary to translate the it, and you can talk in Spanish using any of the three methods below. Incidentally, the it in English weather sentences is called a dummy subject, meaning it doesnt have real meaning but it used only to make the sentence grammatically complete. As you use Spanish, you will become familiar with which methods is more common with particular types of weather. In many cases, any of the three methods can be used with little or no change in meaning. Using Weather-Specific Verbs The most direct way of talking about weather in Spanish is to uses one of the many weather verbs: Graniza en las montaà ±as. (Its snowing in the mountains.)Nevà ³ toda la noche. (It snowed all night.)Est lloviendo. (It is raining.)Diluvià ³ con duracià ³n de tres dà ­as. (It poured rain for three days.)Los esquiadores quieren que nieve. (The skiers want it to snow.) Most of weather-specific verbs are defective verbs, meaning that they dont exist in all conjugated forms. In this case, they exist only in the third-person singular. In other words, at least in standard Spanish, there is no verb form meaning something like I rain or I snow. Using Hacer With Weather The first thing you may notice if youre talking about or reading about the weather is that the verb hacer, which in other contexts usually is translated as to do or to make, is frequently used. In many cases, hacer can simply be followed by a weather condition. Hace sol. (Its sunny.)En la Luna no hace viento. (There is no wind on the moon.)Hace mucho calor en Las Vegas. (It is very hot in Las Vegas.)Estaba en medio del bosque y hacà ­a mucho frà ­o. (I was in the middle of the forest and it was very cold.)Hace mal tiempo. (The weather is awful.)Hace buen tiempo. (The weather is good.) Using Haber With Weather It is also possible to use the third-person singular form of haber, such as hay in the indicative present, also known as the existential haber, to talk about weather. These could be translated literally with sentences such as there is sun or there was rain, although youll usually to better to use something more idiomatic. No hay mucho sol. (it isnt very sunny.)Hay vendaval. (It is extremely windy.)Habà ­a truenos fuertes. (It was thundering loudly.)Temo que haya lluvia. (Im afraid it will rain.) Other Grammar Related to Weather When discussing how the weather feels, you can use tener, which usually is translated as to have but in this context is used to indicate how a person feels. Tengo frà ­o. (Im cold.)Tengo calor. (It feels hot.) You are best to avoid saying something like estoy caliente or estoy frà ­o for Im hot or Im cold. These sentences can have sexual overtones, just as can the English sentences Im hot or Im frigid. Most textbooks advise against using sentences such as es frà ­o to say its cold, and some say that such a usage of the verb ser is incorrect. However, such expressions are heard in informal speech in some areas. Weather Vocabulary Once you get beyond the basics, here is a vocabulary list that should cover most situations or help you understand the forecasts youll find in news and social media: altamente: highlyaviso: advisorycalor: hotcentà ­metro: centimeterchaparrà ³n: downpourchubasco: squall, downpourciclà ³n: cyclonedespejado: cloudlessdiluviar: to pour, to flooddisperso: scatteredeste: eastfresco: coolfrà ­o: coldgranizada: hailstormgranizo: hail, sleethumedad: humidityhuracn: hurricaneà ­ndice ultravioleta: ultraviolet indexkilà ³metro: kilometerleve: lightlluvia: rainluz solar, sol: sunshinemapa: mapmayormente: mostlymetro: metermilla: milemà ­nimo: minimumnevar: to snownieve: snownorte: northnublado: cloudynubosidad: cloud cover, cloudinessoccidente: westoeste: westoriente: eastparcialmente: partlypie: footponiente: westposibilidad: possibilityprecipitacià ³n: precipitationpresià ³n: air pressurepronà ³stico: forecastpulgada: inchrelmpago: lightningrocà ­o: dewsatà ©lite: satellitesur: southtemperatura: temperaturetiempo: weather, timetronar: to thundertrueno: thundervendaval: strong wind, windstormventisca: snowstormviento: windvientos helados: wind c hillvisibilidad: visibility Key Takeaways Spanish has three common ways of talking about weather: using verbs that refer to weather, using hacer followed by a weather term, and using the existential haber followed by a weather term.When translating to Spanish, the it in sentences such as it is raining is not translated directly.

See the prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See the prompt - Essay Example ..† Machiavelli, p. 55. This quotation is from the book The Prince by Machiavelli 4. â€Å"Our love of what is beautiful does not lead to extravagance; our love of the things of the mind does not make us soft. We regard wealth as something to be properly used, rather than as something to boast about.† Pericles, p. 147 5. â€Å"The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his natural superiors, and has left no other bond between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous cash payment† Marx, p. 738. This quote is from â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party, Chapter I â€Å"Bourgeois and Proletarians.† 1. When one lives the life away from the public eye, it is known as private life. Socrates reasons out his choice for living a private life that enabled him practice philosophy. He says that he has the divine umbr ella that protects and guides him for dos and don’ts in life. As for taking active part in life, he asserts that he has no divine directions. Socrates was too sincere, too honest as such he was unfit to be in public office and he would not be able to survive in the dishonesty prevailing over there. A public life is one that concerns and associates with the state. This area is engulfed with secular interests. According to the convictions of Socrates, if he were to take active interest in politics, in all probability it would not help him nor would it help the society. Personally his actions and responses are identical whether they concern the private or public life. One can control and discipline one’s private life, but as for public lifean individual is controlled by extraneous considerations and will have to make compromise with truth. 2. According to John Stuart Mill, self-will is one of the great misdemeanors of man. The barometer of goodness of humanity consists in obedience. A man has no choice but to act and perform. That which the human being does not consider as duty is a sin. Human nature is fundamentally corrupt as such redemption is only possible by killing human nature from within. With this perspective of life, demolishing any other human faculties, capabilities and vulnerabilities cannot be considered as evil. †¦ Man needs no capacity, but that of surrendering himself to the will of God, meaning the capacity to surrender itself is a great quality and liberty is kindergarten stuff as compared to the capacity to surrender. This is the Calvinistic theory. For man is the controller of all types of liberties. For an individual who knows the infinite power of surrender, individual liberty is of no consequence to him. Individual liberty is the demand by the imperfect individual. Total surrender is the domain of the perfect individual. 3. This book contains the guidelines for the dictators and tyrants to rule their subjects. Most of th e important rulers of Europe have benefited from the advice contained in the book and they helped to shape the governing policies. It has been hailed as the supreme guide of governance. The dictums prescribed by Machiavelli must have appealed to the baser instincts of such undemocratic rulers. He believed that the origin and substance of power was through wicked actions. He carefully distinguishes between getting and retaining power, which is done by wicked actions, but it is not possible to

Rhetorical Analysis ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Generally, he opts for a circular route, and reaches home with his quest fulfilled. During the process of conquest, he faces different types of dangerous characters, precarious circumstances and challenges death often, to finally emerge victorious. Suspense and situations that create anxiety are part of the journey plot. Even with the full knowledge of the culmination of the plot that the protagonist will emerge victorious, the reader enjoys his encounters with different atmospheres and how he challenges the unfamiliar characters who often threaten with dire consequences. Escaping death becomes the kindergarten stuff to the protagonist. The divide in gender in Norse society to which â€Å"The Hobbit† by J. R. R. Tolkien related was not based so much on sex as it was on power. The ability to shift between genders was part of the magic. Seià °r was measured to be ‘women’s magic’, and the exercise was related with taking the role of the penetrated partner in sex – something considered ‘unmanly’ by the Norse. Even with the seemingly authentic historical background created by the authors, the various features of the fantasy plot depend entirely on author’s intentions and final objectives and his attitudes towards gender in the society. As such the authors return to history to choose a specific time period, figures and events and the mainstay of fantasy is in the creation of larger than life heroes capable of extraordinary feats and the roles of the female gender were less important, but crucial to the turning points in the story. In the examination of historical background of a literary creation of fantasy, magic woven with female gender escapades have an important role to play. Magic acts as the springboard for grand ideas to show their intrinsic strength and social implications. To achieve the purpose in view, the authors draw from their fertile world of imagination; make intelligent use of male and female characters, besides taking cues from

Principles and Practice of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (mental Essay

Principles and Practice of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (mental nursing) - Essay Example It is reported that the rehabilitation unit helped Mr. Brayan to develop living skills such as cognition, using laundry, cooking food etc. Psychosocial Rehabilitation is the process in which the psychiatric patients are trained systematically to bring back them to the active participation in the society. â€Å"Psychiatric rehabilitation aims to improve the functioning and quality of life of individuals with psychiatricdisabilities due to serious mental illnesses†. (Rudnick 2003, p.1). â€Å"The strategies adopted for the management of schizophrenia may differ from one country to other country and may influence motivational readiness for change. For this purpose, rehabilitation approaches like vocational training, employment guidance, cognitive behavioural therapy, and psychosocial methods were included. In addition, issues surrounding gender differences, scarcity of resources, conventional medicine, and importance on family role were also need to be considered for the rehabilitation of patients.† (Review of Literature, p. 2.). The recovery is the objective of the psychosocial rehabilitation. In this case study the Psychosocial Rehabilitation of a patient suffering from Schizophrenia in Shellharbour Hospital Mental Health Rehabilitation Unit is done. The aim of the rehabilitation is to enhance the quality of life of the patient named Brayne, who is a 45 years old male with chronic Paranoid Schizophrenia. Brayne lives alone. His functioning at home was very poor. He was not able to manage his finance and his condition make him vulnerable to the extend of exploitation by other. These conditions often leave him without sufficient money towards the end of each fortnight for basic necessities such as food and transport. He came to rehabilitation in need of help in Shellharbour Hospital to learn many skills like how to use kitchen for cooking, how to use the laundry etc. The case study further explains about the rehabilitation program that is carried out in the Mental

Sheltering the Deep Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sheltering the Deep - Assignment Example Jessen emphasizes the need to protect depleting marine ecosystems from pollution and other human interventions. She underscores the need to find new ways to protect these marine environments, and bats for the concept of marine protected areas, that have been successful in other parts of the world. Although she concedes that marine protected areas are not the solution to all the problems; she encourages the reader to take a fresh look at the various species that exist in an ecosystem, and consider the symbiotic relationship they share. Her efforts are directed towards awakening the reader to the rich cultural heritage of the region that preserves early forms of life on earth as well as some unique plant life, and the need to protect it before it is too late. The author’s diction conveys her love of the treasures in the deep. Her choice of words like â€Å"adorn the underwater cliffs† (185) to describe the underwater plants and animals conveys the fact that she considers these jewels of the sea. Jessen conjures up striking word pictures of the beauty of nature’s bounty. Her use of metaphors like â€Å"perched off the southern tip of Vancouver Island† (185) conjures up a picture of a bird, ready to fly away at the merest hint of danger. Jessen’s extensive use of alliteration to describe nature’s beauty gives an almost poetic quality to the piece. When the author describes â€Å"other marine mammals† that â€Å"frequent the waters foraging† (185); or her portrayal of â€Å"soaring walls and spectacular scenery† (187) of the fiords of Baffin, enhances the aesthetic appeal of the essay. Her use of euphony as in â€Å"speckled trout spawn in the shallow bays†, (186) gives a harmonious mellowness to the piece that is both pleasing to the ear as well as conveying the harmonious nature of an ecosystem. Jessen’s use of denotation when she describes the fate of ancient mariners pitted against the â€Å"treacherous waters and well known fury of Lake

Public Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Finance - Assignment Example The point E shows the equilibrium point where P=Q. Subsequently, this is the point where the Marginal Revenue is equal to the Marginal Cost. This means that the value of the wine produced is virtually equal to the wine not produced hence an efficient output, Solow (1998). In the event where the wine industry is consolidated into a large monopoly firm, the unit price of wine will rise to $ 7 per bottle with 75000 bottles produced. Monopolists are price makers since they do not face any competition. Therefore, the monopoly is at will to increase the prices to $7, a $2 increase. With this effect, their demand curve is price inelastic. Therefore, monopolists try to maximize profits by setting output at the point where MR=MC, Telser (1987). Point X shows the price that is adjusted upwards by the monopoly. In this case, it is $ 7. Subsequently, point E represents the equilibrium where MR=MC with 75000 units produced. In this case, therefore, the output is not efficient since the price is greater than the Marginal Cost. This means that the utility obtained from wine consumption is greater than the utility forwent, Nikaidō (1975). Additionally, the shaded area in the graph represents the loss in the net benefits due to a subsequent reduction in production and utility, Triffin

Later tell u Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Later tell u - Lab Report Example l perspective, television programme makers desire to cater to more audiences of different age groups to increase their popularity that in turn increases competitive challenges within the sector (Higher Education Statistics Agency Limited, 2014). To comprehend this phenomenon from a critical perspective, the entire study has been based on the television programme rating and its popularity among different age groups. Contextually, to identify the popularity of television channels among different age groups of the UK, BBC1 channel has been selected as the media outlet. Both industrial as well as general perspectives have been considered when evaluating BBC’s performance within the UK market in the recent phenomenon. From the varied channels of the UK, BBC 1 is one of the renowned television channels. In the first phase of its development, BBC was known for its news broadcast. Presently, BBC is an established network, which has multiple channels for different age groups. Moreover, BBC always provides quality news to its viewers. Since, 1997 BBC has appeared in news broadcast field and until now, has created milestones for its rival channels. BBC is the first news broadcaster, which presents news about the overall the world. The digitalized platform has enriched BBC’s journey, enhancing and diversifying its contents to a substantial extent. In the 2013, BBC also announced its High Definition (HD) simulcast, which has helped to enhanced its viewer ship more than previous times (Media Tel, 2014). In the present scenario, the popularity of television channels is judged under different scales. Under Television Rating Points (TRP), television association has measured satellite channel reach. In this regard, to identify the actual rate of popularity of BBC 1 among different age groups, a survey report has been used to avail proper results. Media Tel is the source from where all data regarding BBC has been gathered. Based on the September 2014 data of MediaTel, BBC

The Romantic Comedy Genre

The Romantic Comedy Genre If even half of the projects picked up this year actually get the green light, the first decade of the next millennium may be known as the Romantic Comedy Decade. Sales totals for the genre surged ahead of former rivals Action-Adventure and Science Fiction, landing squarely in the coveted fourth spot [below Comedy, Drama and Thriller]. There was a 50 per cent increase in the number of romantic comedy scripts bought by studios in 1998 compared to the previous year. Examples of films in this period are Four weddings and a Funeral (UK; 1994), My Best Friends Wedding (1997), Shakespeare in Love (UK/US, 1998) and There is Something about Mary (1998). Each year from 1981, the trend is towards a much higher volume of production with especially sustained activity from 1997-9 (Krutnik 2002, p10). Romantic Comedy imports from US also increased from mid-1990s. Films such as the international success Notting Hill (1999) and the Australian-French co-production Green Card (1990) encouraged Hollywood involvement in co-productions. Examples are Sliding Doors (UK/US, 1998) and Bridget Jones Diary (France/UK/US, 2001). Most of the US-British partnership ventures, however, are adaptations of prestige literary or dramatic properties targeted at international audiences (Krunik 2002, p132), including Sense and Sensibility (UK/US; 1995) and Emma (UK/US; 1996). What exactly is Romantic Comedy? How is it defined in order to help people to understand what it actually is? Romantic Comedy: a genre, a family of genres (marriages, manners, screwball), a category of production and marketing, a category of analysis. Definition, even delimitation, is difficult or impossible because all Hollywood films (except some war films) have romance and all have comedy. A workable subset romantic comedy might refer to those films in which romance and comedy are the primary components as crime, war, etc (Krunik 2002, p132) As Handerson said, the word romantic comedy not only is a particular type of a story on two lovers but it also circulates as something of a free-floating signifier that can designate a bewildering array of possible combinations of sex and comedy (Krunik 2002, p 133). Billy Mernit, who is a famous author of romantic comedy, assigns the success of romantic comedy which has continued since the 1980s to its ability to mix with other film genres. Hybridity is by no means a new development within Hollywood genre films, and it is certainly no stranger to romantic comedy (Krunik 2002, p133). Examples are Ball of Fire (1941), in which romantic comedy and elements of the gangster films are combined, I Married a Witch (1942) joins romantic comedy and supernatural fantasy and Too Hot to Handle (1938) combines romantic comedy with aviation adventure. Though there are many exceptions that prove the rule (e.g., the thoroughly old-fashioned Pretty Women), contemporary mainstream audiences seem amenable to movies that mix it up. And this is true of your buyers (the studios); a romantic comedy that promises crossover potential is more likely to pique their interest than a straight-up traditional one (Mernit, B) Pretty Women is a film which is female-centred, pure straight romantic comedy appeals to women whereas the cross-genre film has broader audience. What is more, some of new romances have the elements of sporting backgrounds. For instance, Bull Durham (1998), The Cutting Edge (1992), The American President (1995) and Bulworth (1998). In addition, another trend since 1990s has been the extension of the romantic comedy process to gay relationships (Krunik 2002, p 136). Gay scenarios have been combined within comedies aiming at broader audiences, such as The Next Best Thing (2000), The Object of My Affection (1998) and As Good as It Gets and Chasing Amy (1997). Therefore, it can be said that contemporary romantic has been reconstructed for audiences based on age, ethnicity and sexual preference. In romantic comedies, the real subject is the power of love. Love is not merely the catalyst for action in a romantic comedy, it is the shaper of the story arc. Although many romantic comedies seem to initially set up their protagonists eventual mate as their antagonist, in most cases love itself is the antagonist. Wrestling with love can force a character to grow or to resist growth, but either way, loves effect on the central character is what drives the story. Billy Mernit Heterogeneity and hybridity (Spicer 2001, p184) are the prominent features of masculinity in contemporary British cinema. It means that the range of male forms is much broader than ever before. One of the major ways by which identity is able to be reconstructed is through the mass media as this provides an outlet whereby the expression of alternative identities can be communicated. The media therefore becomes a focus whereby different expressions of gender identity can be expressed and debated. In recent years, there have been rapid changes in many ways within the politics, society and culture. There are many significant reasons for these changes. As the result of these changes there were crucial impacts on social movements. Feminism is often said to be one of the most well known social movement. The key elements and developments of both feminism and cultural discourses are closely related to each other. Question arises at this point, such as what it means to be a woman and man, how are feminine and masculine identities constructed and what is the nature of femininity, masculinity? Not only to feminists but people such as intellectuals, politicians, artists and of course ordinary women and men is interested in such struggles within the culture and society. Since, those struggle occurs when people characterises their existence by repeating the same routine within peoples daily lives. This section will examine the key elements on sex and gender to elucidate the cultural meaning within the media. Gender is a way in which social practice is ordered. In gender processes, the everyday conduct of life is organized in relation to a reproductive arena, defined by the bodily structures and processes of human reproduction. This arena includes sexual arousal and intercourse, childbirth and infant care, bodily sex difference and similarity (Connell 1995, p71). For Judith Butler, who is an American philosopher and has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy and ethics, the various manifestation of gender in culture are driven by the self-same expressions deemed to be its consequences (Butler, 1990, p25) is accepted as gender is driven by performance, or the very activity of presentation, it is therefore dependent on what and how this is currently expressed by the individual that, ultimately, constitutes the crucial determining factor, and not an all-embracing universal disposition. In this sense, Butler sees gender as a regulatory fiction that is sustained by performative acts. Due to the fact that the choices an individual can potentially make in relation to gender are restricted thanks to ongoing cultural norms and assumptions, a person is therefore presented with a limited choice of possible identities. Individuals are thereby obliged to follow a course that fits the male/female dichotomy through perform ing and conforming to prevailing gender stereotypes. Furthermore, if the gender is socially constructed the relations between sex and gender become more unstable which makes gender independent from sex. As butler puts it in her writing that, gender is free-floating artifice which culturally constructed, indeed perhaps sex was already gender, so that the sex/gender distinction is actually not a distinction at all (Butler, 1990 p7). Butler suggests that it is possible to have a designated female body and not to show traits generally considered feminine, in other words, one may be a masculine female or a feminine male. One way of challenging such assumptions, Butler suggests, is to encourage awareness of these limitations by the creation of alternative gender scenarios that can lead to a more genuine realisation of ones identity. In effect, this provides for greater flexibility and range of options by which a person is able to construct a unique individuality. The fashion world definitely had the great impact on gender identification. It has been the case that distinctions of the gender are made when looking at fashion magazines such as masculine male and feminine female. The stereotypes of the gender role are repeatedly shown in the advertisements, fashion runways. As if it is saying that this how men and women should look like thus it limits our choice. These examples that I am going to give show how some of Butlers ideas have been taken up in a practical manner. Tailored jacket, bow tie and so forth have been socially accepted for mens clothing. However wearing mens clothing item such as oversized tailored jacket or a bow tie become as a fashion trend for womens clothing in recent years. This indicates from my point of view, that there are no such assumptions or rule for the style of gender identity. There are no set of rules for wearing clothes in order to represent certain genders identity. However there are social taboos which limit people to choose their own identity. But by looking images or photographs in magazines gender is not something fixed it is actually transformable as it shifts in style time to time. Thus, it can be explained that it is challenging the male dominance by reducing the assumption of the cultural meaning of the gender and sex to the level of fashion and style. Another example is how the boundary of men and women has been blurred. First example is a skinny male fashion model, what I found interesting in this example is that how assumption of the male body has been changed. Within the fashion industry, where their fashion products should be sold in order to make a profit. Traditional male fashion models in the past showed strong masculine male body to represent their products. Furthermore, second example is a photo shot of male fashion model by PRADAs spring/fall collection. As I explained of skinny male models above, PRADA also chooses skinny male model. But this time the model is wearing a trousers and a skirt at the same time. This also can be explained as it is breaking the traditional gender stereotype. The formula which says that I dont wear a skirt therefore I am male I am male therefore I dont wear a skirt fails in this image. Again it is just the style and fashion which blurs the boundary of fixed gender and sex .These examples above show how some of Butlers ideas have been taken up in a practical rather than passive way to meaningfully challenge how the public view gender to the extent that the younger generation are now coming to accept a more ambivalent attitude towards sex and gender. Moreover, androgynous models seem to becoming more common in the media a further sign that boundaries are becoming permeable. All societies have cultural accounts of gender, but not all have the concept of masculinity. In its modern usage the term assumes that ones behaviour results from the type of person one is. That is to say, an unmasculine person would behave differently: being peaceable rather than violent, conciliatory rather than dominating, hardly able to kick a football, uninterested in sexual conquest, and so forth (Connell 1995, p67). Perhaps we are aware of masculinity than ever before as it has become one of the interests that have been analysed since mid 1980s. Definitions of masculinity have mostly have taken our cultural standpoint for granted, but have followed different strategies to characterise the type of person who is masculine (Connell 1996, p68). Essentialist focuses on the core of masculine and their lives whereas positivist finds out what men actually are. Normative definition is a standard and explains that masculinity is that men should be. Semiotic definition, however, is that masculinity is non-femininity so that the level of personality is limited. Rather than attempting to define masculinity as an object (a natural character type, a behavioural average, a norm), we need to focus on the processes and relationships through which men and women conduct gendered lives. Masculinity, to the extent the term can be briefly defined at all, is simultaneously a place in gender relations, the practices through which men and women engage that place in gender, and the effects of these practices in bodily experience, personality and culture'(Connell 1996, p71). A concern of much early masculinity scholarship was to highlight the range and diversity of male identities that exist both within society as a whole and in specific settings (Crew 2003, p27). It means that there is class difference between men and the power that they have masculinities in working-class and middle-class to different experiences of capitalist working practice (Tolson 1977; Willis 1977). Tolson described masculinity in working-class as characterised by collective recognition and solidarity, physical toughness and presence, bravado, confrontation, anti-authority sentiment, and the avoidance of feelings (Crew 2003, p27). By contrary, masculinity of middle-class was described as moral dignity, emotional restraint, respectability and individualised notions of self-discipline, ambition and competitiveness (Crew 2003, p27). The interweaving of masculinity and class was most clearly illustrated in Paul Willis (1977) ethnography of a group of working-class lads. Most striking was how the lads associated different types of work with different genders such that they valorised their own identities and the futures that awaited them explicitly masculine terms (Crew 2003, p27). For example, it is both shop floor workers and managers in middle-class who construct a masculine hierarchy in which physical labour is at the summit (Roper 1994: 106). Managers find it hard to show their masculine position and masculinity in their work. It was suggested by Collison and Hearn (1996) that similarly, whilst shop floor workers reject the idea of promotion because it would compromise their masculine self-images (Crew 2003, p27), men working in office also are endangered by what they think of their work as unmasculine. What is more, it is important to see the difference here between what men want to be and what they really are. masculine identities are lived out in the flesh but fashioned in the imagination, with cultural representations providing the repertoire of cultural forms upon which fantasies are cast (Dawson 1991: 118). Masculine heterosexuality somewhat in line with the laddish personalities they were ascribed in the press (Crewe 2003, p 128). They are certainly not macho, overbearing or aggressive: nor did they exhibit the emotionally inhibited toughness of Ropers (1994) organisational men (Crew 2003, p 128). There are two social practices that reinforce oppressive, discriminatory forms of heterosexuality are homophobia and the sexual objectification of women (Pease 2000, p76). The term homophobia is created by The Gay Liberation Movement to identify the fear of homosexuality. According to Kirk and Madsen (1989:26-7), hetero sexual men dislike gays because they believe that homosexuality is caused by sinfulness, mental illness or recruitment (Pease 2000, p 76). It means that homosexuality is a distortion: gay men are evil and corrupted. Most heterosexuals have this misidentification and misconception as they have a negative image of the gay world. Sedgwick (1985:1) used the term homosocial to describe the non-sexual social bonds between men and to analyse how these social bonds keep men in power (Pease 2000, p77). The inability to recognise any homosexual impulses in oneself causes men to project all homosexuality desires outward on to gay men (Kupers, 1993:49) (Pease 2000, p77). Therefore, homophobia is seen as caused by hidden homosexuality. Many men are not aware of flaws or suspects of their heterosexuality. So if heterosexual men regard themselves as normal, homosexual men become abnormal. Heterosexual men try to avoid doing anything that other men might interpret as effeminate or unmanly. Men fear that any intimacy between men may sully their sexual identity (Pease 2000, p 78). Most heterosexual men are attracted by womens bodies and this objectification is the process by which men sees the woman as a thing or an object and fixation to the process of focusing on parts of the female body (Buchbinder, 1987:65-6) (Pease 2000, p84). Heterosexual men are aware of sexism and they often feel torn between their sexual desire and their awareness that their expressed fantasies about women can be experienced as oppressive by women (Horowitz and Kaufman, 1987:81) (Pease 2000, p84). Objectification is one of the key processes in mens sexual relationships with women, in which often a part of the women is seen to represent the whole (Kaufman, 1993: 124) (Pease 2000, p84). Heterosexual men have not done any reflective writings about their sexual desires: Rich (1983:66) has also challenged men to say why they like pornography, whilst gay men have challenged heterosexual men to be up front about their sexuality (Stoltenberg, 1991: 8) (Pease 2000, p85). In part these changes reflect the present state of British film-making which has become decentred and eclectic, lacking studio infrastructure or dominant producers of the earlier period (Spicer 2001, p184). Since 1970s, British film production has recovered and a new generation of film producers has become known that grips a more commercial cinema. The arrival of the multiplexes encouraged revival in cinema-going (Spicer 2001, p184) in all UK. Most of cinema-goers are young people, but ABC1 is the major audience who frequently do cinema-going. The balance between men and women is equal. However, cinema-going will never return to its former importance as a leisure pursuit, but film viewing continues to be a significant part of popular culture with the majority of films watched on television or on video (Spicer 2001, p185). The use of DVD and internet help to increase consumption of film viewing and it eventually makes cinema remain a popular and influential medium, among all classes and age groups and representation of masculinity (Spicer 2001, p185). It has developed from successful British films put in to a national image culture. This section will look at various complex types of masculinity in contemporary British Cinema and give examples for each type. James Bond has been the most enduring post-war British film hero in twenty films spanning thirty-eight years (Spicer 2001, p185). Films that represent Bonds heroic masculinity are A View to a Kill (1987) where Roger Moore re-created Bond as an old-style debonair hero, more polished and sophisticated (Spicer 2001, p185) and The World is Not Enough (1999). He continues to be a hero who keeps the masculinity of traditional male adventurer. There is a new man concept which emerged within commercial culture, in particular, within retailing, advertising, and the early formation of the UK mens magazine market (Crew 2003, p27) and it was in many ways driven by the discovery of a new market (Seidler 1997, p8). The formation of new man imagery has developments in and associated with menswear play an important role. Together with the reshaping of the mens toiletries and grooming products markets, development in menswear markets set some of the big terms for the emergence of the new man imagery (Nixon 1996, p31). The new man concept is the creation of imagery that represented men in ways that were more narcissistic, self-conscious, emotionally expressive, domesticated and feminine than conventional iconography of patriarchal authority, action and machismo (Brannon 1976; Goffman 1979; Wenick 1987) (Crew 2003, p 31). Nixon said the new man imagery was most important in that it represented a loosening of the binary opposition between gay and straight-identified men and extended the space available within the representational regimes of popular consumption for an ambivalent masculine identity (Nixon 1996: 202) (Crew 2003, p 31). The New Man was an alternative image to the macho tough guy, embracing female roles and qualities, a vulnerable nurturer in touch with his emotions, but also rather narcissistic (Spicer 2001, p 187). Hugh Grant in two romantic comedy films embodied the New Man: Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) and Notting Hill (1999). Both films show the gentle, low-rent Man About Town, lovably awkward, tongue-tied, endlessly self-deprecating and sexually naà ¯ve (Spicer 2001, p 187). The independence and the power of women in films like Four Weddings and Notting Hill made Grant show more feminine sides. This is manifested in his insecurity and compliance, his lack of ambition and his desire for stability and heterosexual union, thereby fulfilling his supportive New Man credentials (Spicer 2001, p187). The type of the damaged man appears so frequently in recent British cinema and it has become the most representative image (Spicer 2001, p195). Shallow Grave (1994), Jude (1996) and Heart( 1998) are the performances of Christopher Eccleston who showed the figure of the damaged man with his gaunt features and suffering eyes (Spicer 2001, p 195). Mike Leighs Naked (1993) shows that the underclass male is often irreparably damaged by social disintegration and the film deepened this paradigm into an existentialist nightmare (Spicer 2001, p196). Mark Renton in Trainspotting is perhaps the most representative contemporary male: young, alienated, but also a chameleon, neither hero, villain, conformist or rebel. He is the product of a culture that is decentred and heterogeneous, no longer recognising clear national, ethical or sexual boundaries, where forms of masculinity are becoming increasingly hybrid and audiences delight in the knowingness and self-referentiality of popular culture (Spicer 2001, p 204). Contemporary British cinema has capability to produce positive forms. In Affairs to Remember, Bruce Babington and Peter Evans define romantic comedy as a genre that centres on the couple, celebrating the passionate but hopefully companionate love that brings them together, and typically ending at the moment of passage into the responsibilities of marriage (Babington and Evans 1989:234). (Spicer 2004, p78). In Britain, successful romantic comedy films since the revival are If Only (Maris Ripoll, 1998), Fanny Elvis (Kay Mellor, 1998), Sliding Doors (Peter Howitt, 1997) and Hugh Grant films. Hugh Grant is arguably the most successful current British star, famous throughout the world, able to sell a film on the strength of his name alone (Spicer 2004, p77). The revival of British romantic comedy is linked with popularity that Grant has. Grants films such as Notting Hill (Roger Michell, 1999), Four Weddings and a Funeral (Mike Newell, 1994), Bridget Jones Diary (Sharon McGuire, 2001) and About a Boy (Chris and Paul Weitz, 2002) share a central characteristic: the reluctance to commit, and yet the need to find love meaningful and central to well-being and happiness (Spicer 2004, p77). In Bridget Jones Diary, Grant was No More Mr Nice Guy (Spicer 2004, p83), and his bare-chested in tight leather trousers was photographed in womens magazines to show his new and more muscular body. Hugh Grant plays Renee Zellweggers boss at the publishing company, Daniel Cleaver, sophisticated, sexy professional with long, flowing dark locks and rakish hair (Spicer 2004, p 83). Cleaver is another familiar archetype, the Byronic anti-hero. The essence of the type is its fascinating eroticism (Spicer 2004, p83). The scene where he is undressing Bridget and he says, Silly little boots, silly little dress and these fuck me absolutely enormous pants. Dont apologise, I like them. Hello Mummy! Thats all him. Id have written What the fuck are those knickers? or something similar. He fooled around a lot on Bridget because it was in line with his own style of naughtiness. (Curtis in Raphael 2002s:13) (Spicer 2004, p 83). Some judged that he, like many Byronic males, was more attractive than tedious virtue (Spicer, p84), Daniel is has more charisma than dull Darcy.