Course Notes free essay sample

You are not allowed to take exams and quizzes in my other classes. Course Information: This course teaches an introductory level of microeconomics, which is the first-semester economics course for business majors. Selected topics include demand and supply, consumers’ choice, firms’ choice, economics of public sector, and several types of market structure. Although graphical analysis is emphasized throughout the semester, mathematical derivations will also be employed, if necessary, for better understanding. Study Outcomes: After completing this course, students will be able to understand the followings: (1) How the market economy works, and we also discuss graphically how much can be produced given the available resources and technology. (2) Why people are better off if we trade with one another and internationally. (3) How buyers and sellers behave in the market, and how prices are determined in the market. (4) Why people respond to price changes sometimes more and sometimes less, and we also discuss how to analyze some cases in real business world. He feels his grades were not good upon leaving school, went on to do a college course of which he didn’t complete. Further discussions revealed that Mr A fails at most things because he doesn’t push himself. When asked about his family he said that he lives with his parents and gets on with them fairly well but feels like they are moaning at him all the time about his untidy room and the fact he is still working part-time; he feels they do not have a positive word to say about him. In this essay I will identify and explain Mr. A’s symptoms and devise a course of treatment for him which is grounded in recognised techniques and theory. I will attach a screed suitable for the client which will include relevant questions that the therapist would ask Mr A during the session. The Initial Consultation The initial consultation gives the therapist an opportunity to assess the suitability of Mr A for hypnotherapy and to decide whether the therapist is competent and has the skills and experience to help him. The therapist should achieve an understanding of what Mr A wants out of the therapy The more understanding the therapist has regarding the causes of a problem, the better the therapist can define and resolve it . During the first consultation the therapist should listen beyond what is being said to what the whole situation involves. The clues to the problem could be in the subconscious and Mr A may not be aware of them. The therapist needs to know as much as they can about Mr A and if there is a gap in the information will need to ask specific questions in order to fill the gaps and look for indictors of repression. Emotions that Mr A expresses when talking about these issues will give an indicator of where the problems lie. The client’s issues and treatment Following the first consultation, it seems that Mr. A has some deep –seated issues regarding low self esteem. It is important that before embarking on a course of treatment that Mr A is assessed accurately. The treatment could start with normal suggestive hypnosis and if it is indicated that Mr A cannot associate his behaviour with an event or course of events then hypnoanalysis can be used. Hypnoanalysis is a combination of investigative analytical techniques and the hypnotic state. It is used to uncover incident and /or the emotions that have affected an individual in the past and are continuing to affect that person either consciously or subconsciously in the present. The client will not always consciously associate a behaviour pattern with the incidents that are the primary cause of that pattern. The therapist must be able to justify this course of treatment and have the consent of Mr A. after explaining about the process involved. Using hypnoanalysis can be very powerful and using this process inappropriately may damage the client. If hypnoanalysis was the course of treatment for Mr A, the therapist would be looking for the Initial Sensitizing Event (ISE). The ISE may be made up of more than one event and in cases such as Mr A. would be identified as cumulative trauma as it transpires, through further consultation, he has been the target of damaging comments for many years. Mr A. as pushed memories and emotions away so that it does not create anxiety in the present. This is called repression and is one of the ego defence mechanisms (EDM) that was first identified by Freud. It is a defence mechanism that humans use to deal with anxiety which is mostly unconscious. All of us are capable of repressing painful memories which in some cases can be good for people’s well bei ng however if this habit is learnt in childhood it could be taken into adulthood as a coping mechanism where they would find it difficult to talk about painful incidents. This in turn effects people’s physical well being. As mentioned earlier the ISE in Mr A’s case is made up of more than one event occurring originally in childhood where as a child could not argue with the repetitive physical or mental abuse when he made mistakes which then as a child then took the information into his belief system. The two methods that can be used for hypnotanalysis and Free Association and Direct regression. Direct regression is an interactive form of therapy where the therapist guides the client to the point where the initial sensitizing event took place and the client is encouraged to talk during hypnosis. For this to take place, Mr A will have to feel very comfortable with the therapist and may need some practice with hypnosis before they are in the best state to respond. Abreactions, the expression and release of a previously repressed emotion, will often occur. Different people have different types of abreactions when by using hypnoanalysis the therapist is uncovering the initial reaction to a situation. The repressed memory is released and no longer affects the individual in their everyday life. Abreactions can manifest themselves in different ways from people who will cry and some may just grimace. Free Association is an analytical technique where the client is instructed to say everything that comes into their thoughts, during hypnosis, regardless of how trivial it seems. The therapist must not interrupt the client and looks for the emotions attached to the situation. The therapist makes note of what the client says and keeps information until it is validated further or the client is in a receptive state of mind to engage with the therapist’s interpretations. Interpretations are the therapist’s explanations of what the client reveals and the behaviour they wish to address. There must be consideration that the interpretations do not arouse excessive anxiety in the client. Resistance – Resistance can occur at anytime during therapy and the therapist will need to help the client understand why they are resistant to change. Mr A could resist change because it can cause him anxiety. The therapist will need a good rapport with Mr A to help him work towards owning the emotions. The Inner Child Therapy The client’s childhood can affect the way they are as adults. If this results in lack of spontaneity or that they have low self esteem, it may be that as a child their feelings were not validated and may have been ignored. The inner child may be accessed through hypnosis. In this type of therapy the client seeks to understand how they felt as a child in a given situation. The method used to do this using a suitable induction with the client in their special place, the therapist asks them to invite themselves as a child (the inner child) into the scene. When the child arrives the client can be told that they can either talk to the therapist or be left to experience the situation in silence. The therapist asks the client how the child is feeling and will need to ask relevant questions to the child to help make the child feel better. There may be an opportunity for the client to hug the child and offer love to them. They can be reassured that they can meet the child again if they need to. The grief curve – is when someone is affected by loss, there are various stages they go through and the time period for all these stages is generally about 2 years but that of course depends on the type of loss and the emotional attachment to the thing that has been lost. The stages are; Shock – the more difficult the loss the longer this stage is likely to last Separation and Pain – this can be accompanied by many confliction emotions that cause confusion and distress Despair – this is where the person is at their lowest point and may become depressed Acceptance – is when the person is getting used to their loss and life without that person Resolution and reorganisation this is the stage when the person has adjusted their life. These stages must be worked through and it’s important to understand the curve and allow your client the time before embarking on treatment for another issue. We would not treat Mr A without first contacting the supervisor if he had suffered a loss in the last 2 years as he made need to be referred on as all the stages of grief must be worked through. Treatment Plan Mr A’s treatment plan could incorporate normal suggestive hypnosis or a method of hypnoanalysis as described above. In this case study I choose to use suggestive hypnosis as the first method of treatment for low self esteem followed by some sessions using direct regression if there is a need and it has come to light during the sessions that Mr A had some issues in his childhood that could be affecting his behaviour . There will be a discussion before each hypnosis/ hypnoanalysis session to identify any further issues and ensure that adaptations to the treatment can be made e. g. there may be a need to incorporate the Inner Child Therapy as part of the treatment plan. During the session using hypnoanalysis regression screed Mr A would be asked questions that were neither leading or guiding, by example such as ‘how do you feel, describe what is happening, what is happening now, describe what you see ‘. These type of questions are important so that the therapist does not lead the client into creating a memory that has been adjusted or made up to enable the client to please the therapist or help them accept their behaviours. It is important that all information given by the client during the sessions in regression is understood that it is from their imagination and not factual. The attached screed describes a corridor of time leading from Mr A’s special place to focus his mind on travelling back in time. Longer reorientation is sometimes incorporated into these screeds as the transition to normal awareness may be more difficult. The course of treatment would last between six and eight weeks . Summary The therapists use the types of hypnotherapy and hynoanalysis depending of the progress with the client and are adaptable throughout the treatment using the necessary methods. It is important that the therapist should be aware of their limitations and work only within their competence, making sure that the client is also aware of these. Bibliography

Steve Legal Obligation to Buy Car from Jason-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Advise if the agreement signed by Susan was valid. 2.Advise if Steve was legally bound to buy the car from Jason. 3.Advise if Carl was negligent and whether any defence was available to him. 4.Advise if Betty has any rights under ACL. Answers: 1.Issue To determine the validity of agreement signed between Tom and Susan. Rules The contract being an official agreement can be either written or oral. A contract in order to be valid needs to have specifically six elements: Offer: An offer or a promise is important as if there is no offer made by one party to another there will be no contract. Acceptance: After receiving an offer from one party there should be an acceptance by another. Further, no contract shall be concluded if the parties are still into negotiations or discussing not having accepted the offer (Koffman Macdonald, 2010). Intention to create a legal relation: As per Contract Act, it is important to intent to create legal relations as one of the key requirement as a valid contract. In case of no intention to create legal relations, the contract can be subject to a lawsuit. Consideration: Consideration in a contract is meaning the exchange set between the promisor and promises to make the contract legally valid (Chen-Wishart, 2012). Capacity: the contract must be in a legal capacity to do so i.e., the parties involved in a contract must be major. Certainty: the terms and regulations made in the contract must be certain Expressly not declared void to make it enforceable or considered valid. Applicability of rules As in the current case of Tom and Susan, the elements stated to make a contract valid are all fulfilled. Tom makes a written offer to Susan to which she gives her acceptance. The consideration of $100,000 and legal intent as well as the capacity of parties makes the contract legally valid one. Conclusion Herein, the contract entered between Tom and Susan is a valid agreement as both parties legal intentions were clear and mutual consent was assured through the signature of both. Therefore, Tom approach to pay Susan only $100,000 is valid. 2.Issue Steve legal obligation to buy car from Jason Rules Offer and invitation to offer infers two different implications and thus should not be considered equal. Though, an offer is a personal expression on showing its willingness to another party to do or not to do anything. Offer is a proposal, which is definite, complete and certain in all cases (McKendrick, 2014). Offer requires being communicated to another person and legally binding on parties. While Invitation to offer (treat) is an act to invite the other party to make a proposal. It is prior to an offer. In the event of invitation to offer, there is no negotiation of terms of the contract or a clear expression to make an offer. Applicability of rule Herein, this case Steve act was to induce Jason to make an invitation to offer with intent to negotiate and create a contract. But nonetheless, Steve does not make any offer to make it legally binding on him to accept Jason car. Conclusion Therefore, in this respective case, Jason does not have any right to make Steve legally bound to buy his modified car as he makes an invitation to offer rather than offer that make it fundamentally not legally binding on Steve to make the purchase. 3.Issue In this case, the issue is to identify whether Harry holds defence to Carl negligence act. Rule According to Civil Liability Act in case of any loss due to negligence act on another as stated in act of Perre v Apand Pty Limited (1999) the following conditions shall be applied: The duty of Care: the defendant has a responsibility towards the plaintiff recognized by law. The famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson formed the modern law of negligence which lays its foundation on duty of care and fault principles. There an existence of legally recognized responsibility of obligation or duty (Schwartz Rowe, 2010). Breach of Duty: the defendant who intentionally exposes the plaintiff to the considerable risk of loss, breaches the duty. Intention and/or Malice: furthermore establishing conditions of intent or malice which applies in the event of gross negligence. Causation: Accordingly the result of negligent act or omission it is important that injury is led by negligence. As in case of Volenti non-fit injuria is which is a legal doctrine that states if someone willingly involves into a required position acknowledging that it could lead to harm will not be able to claim against the defendant (Kritchevsky, 2010). Injury: Though there is a breach of duty, plaintiff may yet not recover unless it has proven defendants breach instigated a pecuniary injury. Damage: It is a monetary value of the harm done to the plaintiff. Applicability of rule Herein this case Carl has conducted a breach of duty and duty of care leading to health injury and damage to Harry. Carl having no primary knowledge to cook sashimi could have avoided the misconduct resulting in health illness to Harry. There was an act of negligence on part of Carl. Conclusion Though Carl has to lead to the negligence conduct but nevertheless as per Volenti non fit injuria doctrine of law Harry could have evaded the negligent conduct made by Carl as he knew Carl had no knowledge to cook sashimi 4.Issue Rights of Betty as per Australian Consumer Law Rule According to the ACL, all usual rights are applicable when anyone shops with an Australian online business (Ramsay, 2012). In case of any misleading conduct on the part of the online site, the consumer has the right to repair, replace or refund, compensation for damage and loss and warranties. It is important that online website competes on fairgrounds on basis of price and quality. Applicability of rule Betty has the right under ACL to claim for damages against the Apple online website which serves information which is misleading serving product products with the false specification. Conclusion Here in this case, Betty can claim against the online website for her rights as per ACL, as a product so received by Betty is not in tune with the specification so stated by the website. References Chen-Wishart, M. (2012). Contract law. Oxford University Press. Koffman, L., Macdonald, E. (2010).The law of contract. Oxford University Press. Kritchevsky, B. (2010). Tort Law Is State Law: Why Courts Should Distinguish State and Federal Law in Negligence-Per-Se Litigation. Am. UL Rev., 60, 71. McKendrick, E. (2014). Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Ramsay, I. (2012).Consumer law and policy: Text and materials on regulating consumer markets. Bloomsbury Publishing. Schwartz, V. E., Rowe, E. F. (2010). Comparative negligence. LexisNexis.

Sensory Experiences Exploring Reality

Learning and experiencing new objects and scenes depend on the number of sensory experiences involved into contemplation. In fact, the experience of contemplating the room by one individual cannot testify to the objectivity of the room.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Experiences: Exploring Reality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neither can different experiences become the proof of objective reality. At the same time, the existence of the objective reality as itself is justified by the emergence of various perceptions existing in spiritual form. Due to the fact that earthly flesh has constantly changing nature, the room that Kant describes can change as well, based on different perceptions. I agree with the idea that our attitude to the external environment depends not only on perception of sensory experience, but also on previous knowledge about the object to be perceived. Therefore, if Kant looks at t he room for the first time, he could make up an opinion about its various qualities and attributes. The second time of looking at the room will be evaluated on the premise of both new sensory experience and previous knowledge about it. The latter allows the viewer to present a comparative analysis of two different perceptions. In response to the objective reality, the author argues that our sensory experience also has a sequential nature. The difference in experience also depends on the shifts in perceptions once the priority of contemplating the object is changed. There is also a matter of ordering while looking at the object in the room. Hence, Kant focuses on his personal choice in choosing the sequence of looking at the objects. The above-presented assumptions premise on the theory of great chain of being introduced by Aristotle and Plato. According to this theory, our world and experience is composed of multiple chains and links. Due to the fact that the world is constantly cha nging, human experience of observing the objects surrounding them can be different all the time. In spite of the fact that material the world changes, the spiritual component remains permanent, which is important for understanding the concept of reality. In general, object position cannot be altered in the hierarchy. In nature, earth stands at the core of hierarchical chain because this element owns only the quality of existence. Each component that is directed upward focuses on the positive aspects of the previous chain. For instance, a human combines mortal, flesh characteristics and spiritual ones. Within the context of this dichotomy, body and soul become a whole in which the moral component is shaped. In case a human focuses on spirit, he/she could become much closer to the religious domain. Different outlooks and perceptions of the world influence human understanding of reality.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theoretical framework and Kant observations are of great significance for understanding and evaluation the connection between human subjective perception and the objective representation of reality. The concept of reality, however, does not always coincide with the sum of perceptions on the objects. Therefore, different angles and sequences of contemplating the object can alter the position of objects. Kant’s observations do not only create different angles of perception, but also characterize reality in terms of its changeability. In addition, each person contemplating specific objects relies heavily on his/her experience while assigning various attributes to it. Therefore, a variety of subjective analyses provides a new meaning to objective reality and introduces a new dimension of perception. This essay on Sensory Experiences: Exploring Reality was written and submitted by user Remy O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Crucible Sample Essay: Introduction to the College Writing Sample

The Crucible Sample Essay: Introduction to the College Writing SampleThe crucible sample essay is an introduction to the popular college writing sample and it's two parts: the thesis statement and the thesis argument. It is intended for students who will be taking this test in a Bachelor's degree program and it should be used at least twice before it is discarded.These two practice questions are fairly easy and could help you improve on your writing skills and provide practice to apply what you have learned. Although you can use these types of essays in college, it is best to use these essays when you are working towards a degree. The first time you use the crucible sample essay will likely be on a test that you were required to write.The thesis statement is the first part of the sample essay and is the foundation of your paper. The thesis statement must include your overall purpose for writing the paper, what you hope to gain from the paper and the major points you hope to make in t he paper. You may even wish to highlight some of the weaknesses in your argument and motivate yourself to re-write them to make them more powerful.Once you have completed the thesis statement, you should then start with the main points. Some writers use a format that involves the introduction, the conclusion and the introduction and conclusion. You can use this same format as well but you will need to add a paragraph to explain why your argument was strong.The thesis argument is the final part of the sample essay and is generally the strongest part of the paper. There is no time to be gentle with your argument and in order to stand out from the other students, you must have a strong one. Again, this part should not be skipped on a test.It is suggested that you use the last paragraph of your paper to go into detail about a particular point. Inaddition, you should include a paragraph that has a link to an example for further reference.Finally, you should wrap up the final paragraph by providing a summary of your essay and making a direct recommendation for your course or college. This section should be clear and concise so that you do not lose the reader's attention.The crucible sample essay is an easy, quick and effective way to prepare for the essay portion of the test. You should not skip this section, even if you already know how to write a good paper.

Human Emotion and Foreign Policy Essay Example

Human Emotion and Foreign Policy Essay In this essay, I will argue that we should consider the role of human emotions as an important factor in foreign policy decision-making. Over the last three decades, research has found substantial evidence of the influence of emotions in several areas of political science and international relations. Studies have shown that emotions affect political attitudes (Redlawsk 2006), political preferences (Brader, Valentino, and Suhay 2008), and policy decisions (Marcus, Neuman, and MacKuen 2000). These robust findings show that we cannot contest that emotions significantly influence political decision-making. Over the last few decades, International Relations and Political Science scholars have worked to understand how emotions, such as compassion, fear, hate, embarrassment, anger, revenge, and ‘saving-face, have played a major role in foreign policy decision-making. However, one has to note that these studies have assumed that a person or a group of collective identity drives the perception, interpretation, evaluation, and response to international political events (Snyder, Bruck, and Sapin 2002). To bring my point closer to ‘home, recent newspaper headlines describe world events using emotions such as ‘anger, ‘rage’ and ‘hatred. The undercurrent of emotional rancor and bitterness are displayed at varying levels within the domestic and international affairs of India and Pakistan, Jews and Palestine, Albania and Serbia, and the United States and China, to name only a few. Against these events and happenings, it is clear that emotions play a significant role in foreign policy and foreign policy decision-making. This paper is written in three main sections. Firstly, it will introduce the theory of emotions, in particular, integral and incidental. Secondly, I have used two case studies to showcase the play of emotions in foreign policy decision-making by unpacking and analyzing the significant role of emotions in the foreign po We will write a custom essay sample on Human Emotion and Foreign Policy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Emotion and Foreign Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Emotion and Foreign Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Religion and Film

Religion and Film For a long time, studies linking religion and films have focused on describing the fidelity of films to religious texts, or their worth as tools in religious ministries and missions. In reality, films have been used to either portray religion as it was in the past, is currently or is expected to be in the future. Additionally, religious entities have used films to further their belief while some entities use films to criticize religion. Either way, the link is undeniable.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Religion and Film specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Ostwalt (1998), the author notes how watching the Seventh seal opened him to the idea of suing films as an extension in teaching religion. This basically affirms the existence of a factual link between religion and films worth using in expounding on religious issues to learners. The author highlights a number of benefits in using films can be used in teaching religion within classroom settings. These include student empowerment, instructiveness and motivation. He further notes that there quite a significant number of films which treat religion in a manner which elicits debate and as such open an avenue for evaluation of religion in depth (Ostwalt, 1998). For instance, he cites the Last Temptation of Christ, Jesus of Montreal, as well as the Scarlet Letter, among others (Ostwalt, 1998). Even then, there is no love lost between films and religion; some implicitly advance the role of religion in social well-being. It’s not only Ostwalt who acknowledges the link between religion and films, Lindvall (2004) provides a more detailed coverage of the relationship between religion and films. In the research, Lindvall, a lecturer at Duke Divinity School highlights how religion has been treated in films and vice-versa. From the satirical portrayals of the biblical stories in films, the use of films to represent contemporary religions, the re presentation of Roman Catholics and the Legion of Decency in films, as well as use of films to criticize some religious practices considered oppressive in the ancient and modern times (Lindvall, 2004). In the article, the author notes how film scholars have come to terms with the importance of religion in engineering the religious landscape that dots films. The author sites the films that take viewers through the past century exhibitions and the role that religion played in the same. Religious extremism, religious sadists, and use of religion as tool for power are among the most commonly highlighted themes in the films. The author further highlights the undeniable and predominant perception of religion in films from a negative and hostile point of view (Lindvall, 2004). It is noted that religion as a subject has received harsh treatment in various films which at times fail to portrayal religion as it rather opting to create a dinosaur out of cat just to meet its entertainment thresh olds.Advertising Looking for book review on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The hard reality though, is the fact that they ultimately elicit lots of discussion with respect to its portrayal of religion. It is the aftermath of such movies, he cites, that has seen some religions like Islam throwing in strong sentiments at any movie that attempts to puts spots to its credibility (Lindvall, 2004). However, Christian and contemporary religions have remained open to thrashing, ridicule and in some cases furtherance within a number of films. In conclusion, it’s important to note that both authors converge to one point, various films are intertwined to religion and impact on the fundamentals of the religion they address. The role of religion in film creation and the role of films in religion are worth studying in addition to providing an avenue for debates and discussion of religion. As Ostwalt (19 98) puts, films elicit hot debates that help students and the general public delve deeper into understanding religion. References Lindvall, T. (2004). Religion and Film. Part I: History and Criticism. Communication Research Trends, 23 (4-7), pp. 2-44. Ostwalt, C. (1998). Religion and Popular Movies. Journal of Religion and Film, 2(3)

The Amhara of Ethiopia essays

The Amhara of Ethiopia essays The Amhara are the most politically and culturally dominant group in the Ethiopia. They are the most populous group, representing a fourth of the population of the ethic group Ethiopia. They are located in the central highland plateau of Ethiopia. The Amhara have wondered this land for more than two thousand years and have been isolated from influences of the rest The Amhara haven't changed their way of life much over the past hundreds years, they continue to practice a form of agriculture that involves ox drown plows, simples irrigations systems and simples tools for harvesting crops. Some crops that they harvest are barley, hops beans, wheat, and a grain called teff. The Ahamara were able to grow such crops on these cool temperature highland plateaus because the fertile was blessed with volcanic soil and ample rainfall to make three full harvests per year. Amharic is the language of this culture. It shows its Semitic origin both in its alphabet and words shared with Hebrew and Arabic. The origins derive from a Sabean language spoken by merchants and traders who migrated in Ethiopia from Yemen region of South Arabia about 3000 thousand years ago. Amharic is the language of culture and education, spoken by millions of other Ethiopians and Eritreans as a second language. The Amhara people are Coptic Monophysite Christians. Ancient Amhara culture had a writing system that preserved the ancient teachings of Christianity in a language that is not spoken by people today but remains the language of the church. The language is Geez. Geez is used only in the context of Amhara Christianity; its function is similar to Latin in the Roman Catholic Church. Amhara Christianity is very different than our Christianity; Ethiopian Christianity is loaded with Old Testament religion and folklore as well as elements of a so called "pagan" religion. The Amhara consists of four separate religious belie...